A Complicated Matter Of Air Pollution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 553 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Air Pollution Essay Pollution Essay Did you like this example? Air Pollution One of the major cause of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuel. The wasteful and toxic release of substances can cause damage to the environment. The amount of harmful substance you inhale in your human body can cause numerous health problems, including a life-threatening illness. Pollution has affected the environment that causes serious health issue to human. Geographically, by a large amount of chemical mixture saturated in the atmosphere, other countries are experiencing acid rain and crop damages. Air pollution is one of the many current problems or challenges the world is faced with and is one of the precipitating factors responsible for the climatic change in the world we live in today. The scourge of ever-present air pollution is gradually becoming uncontrollable with the failure of local, global authorities and other major stakeholders to effectively address the catastrophic direction that it gravitates to, especially in commercial and industrial societies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Complicated Matter Of Air Pollution" essay for you Create order Air pollution is a complicated matter that cannot be overlooked or over-emphasized in any way, especially today. The air we breathe is becoming more unclean with the passing of each day as result of air pollution. We are quick to jump on the bandwagon to pontificate about the causes of air pollution and its adverse effects, but we have failed to realize that every one of us have had a fair share of a role, knowingly and unknowingly, to play in propelling air pollution epidemic proportions, and the situation that we find ourselves today. According to Roy Harrison, air pollutants may exist in a gaseous or particulate form. These substances are sulfur dioxide and ozone. A carbonaceous particle from diesel engine exhaust and sulfur dioxide from power stations are examples of primary pollutants. (Harrison 169). Overcoming the challenges of air pollution has been one of the major global environmental issues bedeviling the world today; this is because of its contribution to the large percentage of the global variation of climate, which has been a threat to many developed and developing societies today. Efforts should be intensified to adequately address the issue of air pollution globally through policies that are geared towards massive reduction of this epidemic. An all-encompassing approach that adequately addresses the reduction of greenhouse gases, Traffic emission, industrial emissions and other aforementioned causes of air pollution, backed with adequate funding should be put in place. The United Nations, World Environmental protection agencies and, other major stakeholders should champion the initiative of having a greener environment that is relatively low in the concentration of air pollutants, if not totally eradicated. Individuals should also be educated on the need to refrain from such activities that are responsible for pollution. Modern age Technologies that encourage the use of renewable energy, less of combustible energy, which in-turn promotes the actualization of a greener environment and the dream of this generation and future generations to breathe in clean air, should be accessible by the world populace. Industrial and manufacturing processes, with by or end products that are gaseous and aqueous matter that contributes massively to air pollution should be reviewed with the view of proffering a lasting solution to the menace of these dangerous emissions. Work Cited Pollution:Causes, Effects and Control, edited by R. M. Harrison, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ezproxy.clayton.edu:2200/lib/claytonstate/detail.action?docID=1186016.

The Cost of Communication Security Issues - 558 Words

Cost of communication security issue Although mobilize workforce such as mobile phone or laptop computer giving an opportunity for company and employees to maximize recourses. Nerveless, it also exhibits a security risk that may cost a loss to the organization. At best, the organization could get the financial losses or data losses. At worst, the result for an organization may be lost productivities and negative publicity. The results for communication security issue will be discussed separate in the following section. a. Leaking information Leaking information through mobility and social network has become one of the most important damages to organization due to the leaking information by their employees. Employee’s irresponsible use of social media such as Facebook or twitter can cause damage of organization in terms of putting company’s networks under the risk of malware. The consequence for leaking information can be small as loss opportunity; also can be larger as organization’s security. For example, according to the news in 2010, â€Å"British Ministry of Defence staff has leaked secret information onto social-networking sites sixteen times in 18 months.† (Mansfield, 2010). The information leakage will both benefit the adversaries and detriment the organizations. Leaking information are not only for company, To make it worse, Facebook profiles are now available to be downloaded from torrent sites exposing more than 170 million users’ information globally (Paul, 2010).Show MoreRel atedThe Advantage of VPN Security and Design735 Words   |  3 Pagesorganization ensures security that non-authenticated user can intercept the encrypted data. 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For example, according to Huang, Zhan, and Liu, (2013), the manufacturing in China, specifically the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, processes increasing business operating costs because of currencyRead MoreMgmt 404 Project Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesstatement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3-4 Work breakdown structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Network diagram†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....6 Risk management plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-8 Resource management plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Communication management plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9-10 Scope Statement Project Overview Statement Executive Summary ________________________________________ Project Name: Self-checking registers Department: Bookstore Last Updated: NovemberRead MoreOutlook 2015 For The Ict Sector1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ICT sector Definition Information and Communication Technology is defined as convergence of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks using a link system. There is a cost savings due to merge of telephone network with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution and management. Outlook 2015 Current Information and Communication technology includes big data, the cloud, mobile communication, and social media. These ICT developments markedRead MorePlanning And Budgeting For An Incident Response Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagestheir efforts, and they are targeting large and small organizations across virtually every sector. The consensus of security professionals is that it is only a matter of time before every organization will suffer a breach. This makes it essential for enterprises to plan how they will respond when the breach occurs. Such a plan can also make it easier to budget for a cyber security incident response. 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Transaction cost holds importance in online purchasing. Economies in transaction cost leads to subscribe for online video content. There are certain factors that affect transaction cost. These fa ctors include uncertainty, frequency and security. Uncertainty is associated with unpredictable

Math Scores At Harmony Creek Middle School Education Essay Free Essays

string(30) " 71 pupils were taught by Ms\." This paper is in response to a petition to find if there is a important difference in math trial tonss that can be attributed to methods of direction and instruction assignments at Harmony Creek Middle School based on ethnicity, socioeconomic position and ethnicity. Test scores for all pupils grouped by instructor, gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic position as determined by the eligibility of the pupil to measure up for free or decreased monetary value tiffin. An Analysis of Variance trial ( ANOVA ) was performed on each information subset and when important differences were found a station hoc analysis utilizing a simple t-test presuming equal discrepancies was used to measure the presence of any important difference in the average trial tonss in math that may be attributed to the method of direction and other listed factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Math Scores At Harmony Creek Middle School Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Do gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic position, method of direction and instructor assignments significantly affect math tonss at Harmony Creek Middle School? Introduction Harmony Creek Middle School disposal has become concerned with math trial mark over the past several old ages and has examined the construction of the plan in an attempt to turn to the state of affairs. Professional development activities for the three instructors ‘ presently learning math categories have been provided and a restructuring of the instruction methodological analysis has been proposed as a possible solution to the job. At present two of the math instructors use a criterions based instructional method with the 3rd instructor utilizing a more traditional method. This paper will try to turn to the different instruction methods along with gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic position and in what mode these factors seemingly affect the math tonss within the school. It should be noted that this research is really limited in nature and farther research is called for in this topic. It should besides be noted that with the limited information available and with the methods of roll uping the statistics that there are possible mistakes within the decisions. An analysis of informations covering several old ages would perchance be a better index of the identified issues and could bring forth different consequences. At present there is some favour to standardise the instruction methods within the school to supply more consistent direction of the math plan. Differing sentiments as to efficiency of traditional instruction methods versus criterions based direction exist. Opinions to the construct of grouping pupils by ethnicity and by abilities within cultural groups are besides a topic of some contention to the staff. Surveies seem to propose that a criterions based schoolroom helps kids to derive a better appreciation of math and helps the pupil to go a better critical mind. Traditional methods of instruction may bring forth better procedural accomplishments but seems to make little to assist pupils go better job convergent thinkers. Grouping pupils by ethnicity and by abilities has besides been shown to bring forth really few positive effects and tend to really increase spreads in cognition and accomplishments. Delegating pupils to instructors of the same race have non been shown to hold a important consequence on trial tonss. This paper will analyze the trial tonss of all math pupils at Harmony Creek Middle School harmonizing to race, gender, and socioeconomic position. Methods of direction will besides be examined to try to find if traditional instructional methods or criterions based methods are more effectual. It is hypothesized that there is no important difference in math tonss for pupils based on gender, socioeconomic position or ethnicity. The hypothesis is besides that there is no relationship between teacher assignment and trial tonss based on ethnicity. Reappraisal of literature Past surveies have theorized that sorted pupils should on norm do better and separately should make at least every bit good. It is besides theorized that a position order could take to increased competition within the group, harder work by persons and to higher consequences for the group as a whole ( Hoffer, 1992 ) . Other factors would look to hold some bearing on grouping though as it is frequently thought that instructors relegated to take down group categories would hold lower degrees of occupation satisfaction and that the attempt of these instructors would worsen. The grouping of pupils by ability or cultural grouping may besides ensue in unequal allotment of resources, the instruction of inkinesss, for case, would frequently non have the same quality resources and concerns as the instruction of Whites ( Harris, 2008 ) . Students in higher grouped categories are more likely to be taught by more skilled and motivated instructors who would supply more piquant direction. Lower sorted categories would be given to concentrate on basic accomplishments, trial readying and rote acquisition ( Worthy, 2010 ) . Since lower grouped categories would travel more easy and cover less material the spread in content covered would steadily increase. It is frequently put forth that able pupils are held back by slower 1s when all the pupils work together in the same category ( Goodlad ‘s 1984 ) . Methods To compare the efficiency of the methods of direction this undertaking used the ANOVA trial to compare tonss between the pupils and the three instructors in an attempt to find if the Direct Instruction method or the Standards based Instruction yielded higher tonss. A t-test: two sample presuming equal discrepancies was used as a station hoc analysis when the ANOVA trial indicated that there were important differences in the research informations subsets. Assuming a random assignment of pupils to the three instructors this research should give consequences that will let for a finding to be made as to the Method of Instruction that would see the highest math tonss for the pupils. A 95 % assurance degree was used to table the consequences of this research. The dataset contains tonss from 216 pupils. Students were assigned to categories seemingly without respect to ethnicity, ability, gender or socioeconomic position as each category contained pupils stand foring each factor. 71 pupils were taught by Ms. You read "Math Scores At Harmony Creek Middle School Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Ruger utilizing a Direct Direction or traditional method of direction. 145 pupils were taught by Ms. Smith and Ms. Wesson who both employ a Standards Based method of direction. The analysis of the information was used to happen if there was a direct tie between the Method of Instruction and the math tonss. A t-test: two sample presuming equal discrepancies was used to compare the tonss for the Direct and the Standards based instructional methods. The information was besides used to compare the trial tonss by factors of ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic position being taught utilizing direct instructional method versus Standards based direction methods. A t-test: two sample presuming equal discrepancies was used here besides for comparing of the tonss. Consequences and Analysis 71 pupils were assigned to Ms. Ruger ( direct direction method ) . 69 pupils were assigned to Ms. Smith and 76 to Ms. Wesson ( criterions based method ) . Students taught utilizing the direct method had a average mark of 55.2 and the mean for pupils in criterions based categories was 70.17. The deliberate T Stat for this comparing was 6.94 and the critical value was 1.97. The T Stat being much larger than the critical value allows for the rejection of the void hypothesis and allows us to presume that there is a important difference in the effectivity of the two methods of direction with the Standards based method ensuing in higher math tonss. Male pupils make up 56 % of the population for this research. 39 males were assigned to direct direction schoolrooms and 81 were assigned to categories utilizing a criterions based method. The mean for direct direction pupils ( male ) was 53.30 and the mean for criterions based pupils ( male ) was 68.20. A t Test gave us a deliberate T Stat of 5.13 and a t critical value of 1.98. Because the T Stat is larger than the t Critical we can reject the void hypothesis and happen that there is a important difference of the tonss of male pupils in direct direction schoolrooms and those taught in criterions based schoolroom with the direct direction method giving higher tonss. Female pupils make up 44 % of the population. 32 females were assigned to schoolrooms utilizing a direct direction method and 64 were assigned to criterions based method categories. The mean for females taught utilizing the direct direction method was 57.65. The mean for females taught utilizing the criterions based method was 72.65. A deliberate T Stat of 4.78 and a t Critical value of 1.98 would let for the rejection of the void hypothesis as the T Stat is larger than the t Critical value. Rejecting the nothing in this case would let us to find that the math tonss of females taught utilizing the criterions based direction method were higher than those of females taught utilizing the direct direction method. Asiatic pupils make up 24 % of the population of pupils. The figure of Asiatic pupils taught under the direct direction method was 17 and the figure of Asiatic pupils taught under the criterions based method was 36. A t Trial: two tailed presuming equal discrepancies resulted in a mean of 53.70 for Asiatic pupils assigned to instructors utilizing a direct direction method and 71.36 for those Asiatic pupils assigned to instructors utilizing criterions based methods. A deliberate T Stat of 3.76 and a t Critical value of 2.00. The value of the T Stat being larger that the T Critical value allows for the rejection of the void hypothesis and leads to the decision that within the Asiatic subpopulation those pupils taught utilizing the criterions based method of direction scored higher in math than those Asiatic pupils taught utilizing the direct direction method. Black pupils represent 24 % of the group. The figure of black pupils taught utilizing the direct direction method is 18 and the figure of black pupils taught under the criterions based method is 34. The mean for Black pupils assigned to instructors utilizing the direct direction method was 55.22 and 72.06 for those Black pupils assigned to instructors utilizing criterions based methods. A t Trial of this subpopulation resulted in a deliberate T Stat of 3.82 and a t Critical value of 2.00. As the value of the T Stat is larger than the t Critical value the void hypothesis is rejected and a decision that the criterions based learning method consequences in higher math tonss for the black pupils in this population is reached. Latino pupils account for 31 % of the population of this group. The figure of Latino pupils taught utilizing the direct direction method was 25 and the Latino pupils assigned to criterions based schoolrooms numbered 41. A t Trial of the Hispanic subpopulation resulted in a mean of 55.64 for Latino pupils assigned to instructors utilizing direct direction and a mean of 70.41 for those assigned to instructors using criterions based learning methods. A deliberate T Stat of 3.90 and a t Critical value of 1.99 was observed for this subpopulation. As the T Stat is larger than the value of t Critical the void hypothesis is rejected and it is concluded that Latino pupils achieve higher math tonss when taught utilizing a criterions based method. White pupils account for the staying 21 % of the population. 11 pupils of this subpopulation are assigned to instructors utilizing a direct direction method and 34 to instructors using criterions based methodological analysis. A t Test resulted in mean of 56.90 for white pupils under a direct direction method and a mean of 66.73 for white pupils taught utilizing criterions based method. A deliberate T Stat of 2.06 and a t Critical value of 2.01 allow for the rejection of the nothing and the decision that white pupils taught utilizing criterions based learning methods achieved higher math tonss during the period studied. 35 pupils in this group having free or decreased monetary value tiffins were assigned to instructors utilizing a direct direction method. 69 pupils received free or decreased monetary value tiffins and were assigned to instructors utilizing criterions based learning methods. The deliberate mean for this subpopulation taught under direct direction was 56.17. The mean for the pupils having free or decreased monetary value tiffins taught under criterions based direction was 71.02. A deliberate T Stat of 5.10 and a t Critical value of 1.98 allow for the rejection of the void hypothesis and allows for the finding that pupils having free or decreased monetary value tiffins achieve higher math tonss when taught utilizing criterions based methods. 36 pupils who did non have free or decreased monetary value tiffins were assigned to instructors utilizing a direct direction method. 76 pupils who did non have free or decreased monetary value tiffins were assigned to instructors who used criterions based direction methods. The average mark for pupils who paid full monetary value for tiffins and were taught utilizing direct direction was 54.38 % and the mean mark for pupils paying full monetary value and assigned to instructors who use criterions based methods was 69.39. A deliberate T Stat of 4.75 and a t Critical value of 1.98 allow for the rejection of the void hypothesis and farther let for the decision that pupils who did non have reduced monetary value or free tiffins and were taught utilizing the criterions based direction method scored achieved higher math tonss than the pupils who did non have reduced monetary value or free tiffins and were assigned to instructors utilizing a direct direction learning method. Decision The consequences of this survey would look to do a clear suggestion that Standards Based Instruction should better math trial tonss at the Harmony Creek Middle School. In about every class at that place existed a important difference in tonss between pupils taught utilizing a Standards Based method and those taught utilizing a Direct Instruction method. This tendency appears across all of factors that were examined and would look to follow the tendencies noted in other research that does be. As Thompson ( 2009 ) noted Standards Based patterns were found to be important subscribers to pupils math accomplishment and that virtually none of the ascertained non-SBI practiced were found to be a important subscriber to student accomplishment by gender or cultural grouping. For the intent of this research a commission was formed to help in the rating of the research consequences and in the finding of the more effectual instructional agencies. Committee members consist of 3 active or former in-between school instructors who are familiar with the type of research to be evaluated, the instructional methods and with the demographics of the community, two community members who are active in their support of the school and a module member of the local community college. All members were chosen because of their engagement in both the community and local schools. All of the commission members have some background in instruction, concern, and finance or in the legal field. Harmony Creek Middle School will necessitate to buy 71 text editions at a cost of $ 100 each to implement the alteration to a criterions based instructional method in all math categories. The entire cost of the text editions will be $ 7100. The commission feels that the disbursal of buying new text editions that will be needed to implement a school broad policy of a criterions based learning method is justified as there should be a pronounced betterment in math tonss which should ensue in an improved ambiance throughout the school and the community. Implementing alterations to the math course of study should increase tonss which will assist to hike the morale of both pupils and module. An addition in math tonss will besides be given to increase support from the community as its members shortly see that Harmony Creek Middle School is non content to keep the position quo and is willing to take stairss to better the instruction of the pupils and in the betterment of the community. The vision statement of Harmony Creek Middle school proclaims that: We believe that each of our pupils, our module and our community is alone. We believe that each of our pupils, our module, and our community deserve the chance to accomplish their full potency. We believe that each individual is responsible for their ain actions and the effects of those actions. We believe that diverseness strengthens persons and the community. We believe that larning in an indispensable and womb-to-tomb procedure. To these terminals this commission feels that we must implement this vision statement with action and make all that is possible to farther instruction, diverseness and chance within our schools. We besides feel that one method to carry through this end is the execution of a Standards Based Instructional method in math categories at Harmony Creek Middle School. How to cite Math Scores At Harmony Creek Middle School Education Essay, Essay examples

Objectives and Importance of Co-Operative Society free essay sample

A cooperative is not just formed to make profits; its objective is to ensure the economic welfare of its members. 2. Creating unity and solidarity: A cooperative is characterized by the strength of its unity. Therefore bringing the extorted and deprived together and encourage them work in unison is a goal of a cooperative society. 3. Awakening of working zeal: Cooperatives also helps to invoke confidence in the minds of people who have lost their will to work as they had faced constant failures in their lives. . Creating interest in saving: A cooperative encourages its members to save more. Then it accumulates these small amounts of savings from the members to raise capital. 5. Solution to capital problem: Lower middle class people cannot utilize their capabilities due to lack of capital. They are extorted by landlords and the richer class. Therefore another prime objective of a cooperative is to manage necessary resources for its members. 6. Development of efficiency: Another aim of cooperatives is to create a skilled and efficient labor force by arranging training sessions for its members. Removal of middlemen: Producers are often deprived of their rightful returns as the middlemen cheat them by unfair means. Cooperatives can be formed to deal with such problems. 8. Co-coordinating ability: Bringing together the limited skills of the lower middle class to create a large business is the target of a cooperative. The cooperative benefits from the returns from the large business and share it among them. 9. Defense against disturbance: Small producers often face various types of disturbances from different parties like extortion by certain landlords. A cooperative can be formed to deal with such problems. 10. Advantages of large scale business: A cooperative combines the small fortunes of its members into a large capital and then a big business is formed. This leads to greater production and greater yields which is enjoyed by the members. 11. Teaching of moral principles: Cooperatives not only ensure economic stability but also inserts moral principles into the members’ minds, making them stronger mentally. 12. Improvement of skill: Cooperatives play a vital role in improving the technical kills of the uneducated and the poor. They arrange for trainings so that their members can show appropriate skills in their respective fields. 13. Removal of middlemen: Small producers are deprived of certain percentage of their rightful earnings as the middlemen take advantage by cheating them. Formation of cooperatives can prevent such unfair means. 14. Removal of monopoly business: Some producers try to create a monopoly in market economy. This poses difficulty for small investors to come forward. Cooperatives unite these small investors and create an environment of competition. Thus monopolies are prevented. 5. Capital formation: Cooperatives encourage its members to save more and then combine their small savings into a large capital. This leads to greater investment and hence greater production. 16. Creation of loan facility: Small producers often face high shortages of capital. When they turn to certain landlords for loans, they are mistreated and get caught in loan traps. Cooperatives arranges for easy term loans for its members to ensure continuous and rapid production. 17. Solution to unemployment problem: Cooperatives create more job opportunities for their members. Social development: Cooperatives also plays a vital role in the development of the society. They not only foster psychological and economic development of their members but also resolve their residential problems in certain situations develop transportation, education, health and carry on family planning programs. 19. Economic development: By helping to develop the agricultural sector, small and cottage industries, etc. and hence reducing poverty in the country, cooperatives contribute to the country’s economy. Principles of cooperative society 1. Unity: ‘Unity is Strength’ is the main belief of a cooperative. Keeping the future in mind, like-minded people join together to form cooperatives in order to proper as a whole; they stay united in all types of situations. 2. Equality: A cooperative society believes in equality. No matter what their place is in the society or how well they are positioned economically, the members are given equal respect. 3. Cooperation: The members of a cooperative cooperate to ensure efficient output. They work as a team to get rid of their mutual shortcomings. 4. Honesty: A cooperative operates in an honest manner. Dishonesty may lead to suspicion in the minds of the members, which may cause them to lose interest. 5. Trust and confidence: The members of a cooperative trust and have confidence in each other’s ability. Greater the trust, more interest will be generated among the members. 6. Service: The members possess the mindset to help others as much as possible whenever the need occurs. 7. Democracy: There is democracy in the selection of the management committee and also while major decisions are taken. 8. Proximity: The members are usually likeminded ones. If it is not so, too many different opinions will hamper the progress of the cooperative. 9. Distribution of profit: Since cooperatives are not profit-motive organizations, all the profit is not distributed among the members. 20 percent profit is retained back for future investment. 10. Equal right of votes: One member is entitled to one vote when electing the management committee or when major decisions are made, irrespective of the amount of share he/she holds. 11. Voluntary association: Members can withdraw their membership anytime and upon approval of the management committee can handover his/her share to someone else. Means of removing the problems of cooperative organization in Bangladesh 1. Adoption of realistic plan: There is need for a plan on how the cooperatives in Bangladesh should operate in a realistic manner. Amount of contribution from national, central and primary level cooperatives should be determined so that they can operate in specialized manner. 2. Strengthening of training program: Both the government and the NGOs should come forward and arrange more training programs. 3. Widespread publicity: The idea of forming cooperatives should be advertised in a large scale. Virtuous and successful cooperatives should be highlighted so that the general public can be inspired by them. 4. Inclusion of co-operative subject in the syllabus: To establish the importance of cooperatives, it should be included as a subject at the primary and intermediate levels and if possible at the under graduate level as well. This will encourage students to think about forming cooperatives in the future. 5. Increasing publications on co-operatives: To spread information about cooperatives, more books about cooperatives should be published and it should appear in the columns of newspapers and magazines. Giving incentives to executives: It should be understood that no one will work for free for long. Therefore the executives should be given incentives to encourage them to work enthusiastically and efficiently. 7. Removal of corruption and nepotism: To remove corruption, modern management system should be in place. 8. Effective coordination: A cooperative is run under certain rules set by the government. These rules should be restructured so that it aids the cooperative’s operation and not hamper it. Also there should be a certain degree of coordination among national, central and primary level cooperatives. 9. Development of cooperative department: The ‘cooperative’ department of the government should be restructured by appointing pro-cooperative people in important positions. 10. Increase of government cooperation: Money spent by the government in aid of the cooperative revolution is almost negligible compared to its other spending. Both financial and non-financial support from the government should be increased.

How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play Essay Example

How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play? Paper The well known play Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare, is about a young boy and girl who fall in love. They do not realise that they are from enemy families that have been involved in a long feud for many years. They first meet at a party held by Juliets parents the Capulets. Romeo and his other Monatgue friends have snuck into the party uninvited. The moment the two first meet they fall madly in love. They secretly meet and within a couple of days they are to be married. However as the family feud continues, more blood is shed as Tybalt (Capulet) kills Mercutio (Montague). Because of this Romeo seeks revenge by killing Tybalt. The prince banishes Romeo from Verona upon hearing the death of Tybalt or he too will have to face death. Romeo leaves Verona, as Juliet mourns for him not believing what he has done. Although Juliet still defends him, and becomes upset from the prospect of never seeing him again, and says she wants to die. Similarly does Romeo, however Friar Lawrence persuades him otherwise telling him that he will see Juliet again. However, Juliets parents are forcing her to marry Paris, as they do not know she is already married to Romeo. She goes to Friar Lawrence and he comes up with the idea of a sleeping potion that will make her appear dead. Everyone is busy preparing for the wedding when the nurse finds Juliet dead, they soon turn to funeral arrangements. Romeo hears from Balthasar that his love is dead, and so he visits an apothecary. He asks him for a lethal poison, and although the apothecary doesnt want to sell it to Romeo, he desperately needs the money. From this act of greed Romeo goes to the tomb were Juliet lies. At the same time the Friar has sent Romeo a letter informing him of their plan, and that Juliet isnt dead. But sadly Romeo doesnt receive it. We will write a custom essay sample on How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Paris sees Romeo opening Juliets coffin to see her one last time and at this he thinks he is going to vandalise it. The pair begin to fight and Paris dies. Romeo realises that Paris was to be Juliets suitable match and lays him in the coffin with her as a mark of respect for him. Seeing Juliet lying in the tomb, he takes his own life with the poison. Juliet then awakens to find Romeo dead with the empty bottle in his hand and tries to kiss him taking the poison from his lips. This doesnt work, so she takes Romeos sword and stabs herself. When the prince discovers the story of the two lovers, he makes the Montagues and the Capulets agree to end the feud, and the Capulets erect a gold statue of Romeo and the Montagues one of Juliet to symbolise their forgiveness. At the beginning of the play we see Sampson and Gregory two servants of the Capulets, and Abraham and Balthasar servants of the Montagues fighting in the street. The fight soon becomes bigger as Benvolio (Montague) and Tybalt (Capulet) join in. The prince of Verona hears of the fight and quickly goes to the scene. He makes a powerful speech warning of a death penalty if there are any further fights between the two families. We first meet Romeo as a lovesick boy who has fallen for Rosaline, however she does not reciprocate his love. Benvolio, a close friend of his tries to tell Romeo that he should try to forget Rosaline, and look for another woman. Meanwhile Capulet is discussing the possible marriage for his daughter to Paris. The capulets are holding a party later that night in order for the couple to meet and see if they are well suited. Juliet decides to have an open mind on the possible marriage. Romeo and his friends are out in the street when a servant asks for their help to read who the invitations are for, he sees that Rosaline is invited, so hoping he will see her he and his friends go to the party uninvited. We are now at act 1 scene 5, which is set at the Capulets party in their house. Romeo and his friends have snuck into the party disguised in masks. When he first sees Juliet for the first time he asks the serving man for her name. He then goes on to say how beautiful she is compared to the other women in the room. He states that she is like a white dove among a flock of crows. He then plans to go over to her when the dance has finished and touch her hand with his unworthy one. He then questions himself asking if he had ever really loved anyone before he met her. This shows us that he has already forgotten about Rosaline, and now this stranger to him has stolen his heart. It also shows us that he realises that maybe his feelings for Rosaline werent that strong after all. The measure done, Ill watch her place of stand, And, touching hers, make blessà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d my rude hand. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I neer saw true beauty till this night. From hearing the young boy talking, Tybalt recognizes that it is a Montague behind the mask. This, by his voice, should be a Montague. -Fetch me my rapier, boy. Capulet sees Tybalt is angry, and asks him why. Tybalt tells him that a Montague has come to the party. Capulet asks if it is Romeo and Tybalt replies Tis he, that villain Romeo. Capulet then tells his nephew to calm down, and to ignore Romeo. He tells Tybalt that Romeo has a reputation as a well behaved young man and that he will not disgrace him in his own home. Tybalt doesnt agree with Capulet, which angers him telling Tybalt he will respect his decision and tolerate Romeo being here. Tybalt backs down against his uncle, but swears he will take revenge on Romeo another time. Romeo and Juliet now talk for the first time. Romeo and Juliets first fourteen lines are from a sonnet. Romeo takes Juliets hand and says her hand is like a holy place where he is unworthy of visiting. She replies that by holding her hand he is showing devotion, and pilgrims touch the hands of statues of saints, so holding one palm against another is like a kiss. He then questions her by saying dont saints and pilgrims have lips too? She says yes-but those lips are for the use of prayer. To that he says let lips do what hands do, and that he is praying for her to kiss him. He asks her to make his prayer come true so as he doesnt loose his faith. She says that the saints do not move even when they grant the prayers. To which he replies dont move while I act out my prayer. With this he kisses her, and states that his sin has been taken from his lips. To which she asks if her lips now have the sin from his? To which he takes his sin back with another kiss. With that they are parted from one another as Juliet is rushed away to talk with her mother. Romeo asks the nurse who is her mother, to which the nurse delivers the bad news that she is the lady of the house a Capulet. Romeo shocked with what he has heard says to himself Is she a Capulet? O dear account! My life is my foes debt. Similarly Juliet is now asking the nurse who several of the men at the party are in order to disguise her true purpose of finding out who Romeo is. When the nurse does not know who Romeo is, she makes her go and ask. She quietly to herself hopes that he is not married stating she would rather die than marry anyone else. When the nurse returns she tells her His name is Romeo, and a Montague, The only son of your great enemy. Juliet too is shocked that he is a Montague saying Prodigious birth of love it is to me, That I must love a loathà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d enemy. This shows us that she too has fallen for Romeo, and like wise he has fallen for Juliet. The two star crossed lovers who have now fallen in love after not knowing their true identities cannot stop their over powering feelings for one another. Because they are forbidden to see and mix with one another, they have to do it in secret, which would make their decisions more irrational and erratic. Also because they have fallen madly in love, people can often do things they wouldnt normally, and love can often cloud their better judgement. After act 1 scene 5 we see Romeo ignoring the dangers of climbing into Juliets orchard unnoticed he hears Juliet confessing her love for him. He reveals himself, and the pair declare their love for one another. At this they decide to get married. Juliet tells Romeo she will send a messenger in the morning to tell him of the plans for their wedding. The next day Romeo visits his friend Friar Laurence, who hopes the marriage will end the long feud between the families. The nurse meets with Romeo as Juliets messenger and tells him they will be wed later that day. She brings Romeo cords which he can use to climb into Juliets bedchamber on their first night as husband and wife. This leads us to act 3 scenes 1, set under the sun and the public eye. Mercutio and Benvolio are bantering about Benvolio being hot blooded, when Tybalt, Petruchio and other Capulets walk over to them. He says he wants to speak to Romeo, and he knows that they consort to which Mercutio get offended, saying they are not in a band, but he could make him dance with his fiddlestick-meaning his sword. Benvolio then says that they are talking in a public place and they should do this else where, so as people cant see them. To which Mercutio replies Mens eyes were made to look and let them gaze. I will not budge for no mans pleasure At this Romeo comes into the scene and Tybalt says Well, peace be with you, sir. Here comes my man. Tybalt tries to rile Romeo by calling him a villain, which Romeo simply answers, Tybalt, the reason that I have to love thee Doth much excuse the appertaining rage To such a greeting. Villain am I none. Therefore, farewell. I see thou knowst me not. Tybalt does not take Romeos peaceful approach seriously and tells his to draw his sword. Romeo refuses to draw, for without Tybalts knowing he is now part of his family as he is married to Juliet. However Mercutio says he will fight Tybalt and draws his own sword. Tybalt agrees to fight Mercutio but Romeo protests telling Mercutio to put his sword away. But the two men begin to fight so Romeo decides he must take action and calls to Benvolio Draw, Benvolio. Beat down their weapons. Gentlemen, for shame! Forbear this outrage. Tybalt, Mercutio! The Prince expressly hath Forbidden bandying in Verona streets. Hold, Tybalt! Good Mercutio! As Rom eo tries to break up the fight Tybalt craftily reaches under Romeos arm and stabs Mercutio. Tybalt and the other Capulets run away, leaving Mercutio to die. Mercutio cries a plague on both your houses as he blames their on going argument for his injuries. Romeo stays with his friend trying to explain he thought he was doing the right thing. Sadly Benvolio speaks the news that Mercutio is dead. With this Tybalt re-enters the scene, and Romeo says, its time for rage to guide my actionsMercutio soul is floating right above our headsEither you or I, or both of us have to go with him. With his revenge in the form of anger Romeo and Tybalt fight, Tybalt is struck and falls to the ground and dies. Benvolio tells Romeo to leave. The prince is called and so are the Montagues and the Capulets. The prince hears from Benvolio what has happened and makes the decision to banish Romeo from Verona, immediately saying Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. Showing he will no longer tolerate murderers in his city under any circumstance. If Tybalt hadnt come looking for Romeo, he would not have fought Mercutio after Romeo refused. This would of spared the life of Mercutio, which in tern would have saved Tybalts own life that Romeo took in revenge. If this hadnt of happened Romeo wouldnt have been banished from Verona, so there would be no need for Juliet to take the sleeping potion to appear dead. This would mean Romeo wouldnt need to receive a message about the Friars plan as it would not exist, so therefore he would not visit the apothecary under false pretences to buy the lethal poison in which he uses to kill himself. As well as this Pariss life would also be spared, as he would not be at the tomb side of the supposedly dead Juliet. And lastly Juliet would not be forced to commit suicide as her one true love, would too not have needed to take his own life in order for the couple to be together. To conclude I think that Tybalt is the most to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. I dont think it is his fault entirely as he has been bought up thinking that the Montagues are enemies, but due to his uncontrollable anger more lives were lost that were uninvolved in the feud. Because Tybalt refused to listen to Romeos reasoning his actions led not only to his deaths but the separation and the tragic ending of the two soul mates. As the prince said, For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo. All this tragedy could have been prevented if the families sorted out the feud a long time ago, and allowed Verona to become a city of peace, rather than the host of an ongoing war.

Free Essays on Human Greed

The Affects of Human Greed Greed means to me; in order to survive humans have developed the inherent desire to acquire as much as possible as quickly as they possibly can. We are born, and look for food. We develop, and seek out shelter. The more food we store up, the better chance we have to survive when outside sources of food grow scarce. The larger and safer the shelter we secure, the more space to store food and the more room we have to rest. Therefore, has our intelligence guided our species for thousands of years and imbedded those instincts into our nature. Now that the world is ours and there is little left to acquire from the earth, people compete with each other for what they think they should attain. What has worked in the past can no longer continue to work for the better. The greatest problem in the world today is that for thousands of years, our goal in life has been to take everything we can, and now, if we are to take anything at all, it will be taking it from someone else. While other species of animals strive for their food just to keep the population stable, our intelligence has allowed us to expand and grow, relatively free from the disease, famine, and predators that plague the other members of the animal kingdom. Through the acquisition of food and shelter, individuals formed families. Through the acquisition of more food and larger shelters, families formed communities. Through the acquisition of food and shelter on a much larger scale, communities formed great nations and civilizations that continued to procreate and increase their vision of how much material possessions each person should attain. Soon, the world was populated with civilizations that had pushed to the edge of their lands in conquest of new food and new places to live. On Thursday October 24, 1929 the headline, â€Å"Prices of Stocks Crash,† boldly lined the front page of the New York Times. Within only hours the country had lost over $4,000,... Free Essays on Human Greed Free Essays on Human Greed The Affects of Human Greed Greed means to me; in order to survive humans have developed the inherent desire to acquire as much as possible as quickly as they possibly can. We are born, and look for food. We develop, and seek out shelter. The more food we store up, the better chance we have to survive when outside sources of food grow scarce. The larger and safer the shelter we secure, the more space to store food and the more room we have to rest. Therefore, has our intelligence guided our species for thousands of years and imbedded those instincts into our nature. Now that the world is ours and there is little left to acquire from the earth, people compete with each other for what they think they should attain. What has worked in the past can no longer continue to work for the better. The greatest problem in the world today is that for thousands of years, our goal in life has been to take everything we can, and now, if we are to take anything at all, it will be taking it from someone else. While other species of animals strive for their food just to keep the population stable, our intelligence has allowed us to expand and grow, relatively free from the disease, famine, and predators that plague the other members of the animal kingdom. Through the acquisition of food and shelter, individuals formed families. Through the acquisition of more food and larger shelters, families formed communities. Through the acquisition of food and shelter on a much larger scale, communities formed great nations and civilizations that continued to procreate and increase their vision of how much material possessions each person should attain. Soon, the world was populated with civilizations that had pushed to the edge of their lands in conquest of new food and new places to live. On Thursday October 24, 1929 the headline, â€Å"Prices of Stocks Crash,† boldly lined the front page of the New York Times. Within only hours the country had lost over $4,000,...

INNOVATION AND CHANGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

INNOVATION AND CHANGE - Essay Example The organizations which can excel in these activities would be in a better position to fetch a continual competitive advantage over its competitors. The successful and effective utilisation of the inventive technologies and new resources is very much dependent on the capability of an organization to indulge into innovation. However, the introduction of such new technologies can bring in some complex challenges as well as opportunities, leading to considerable changes in the managerial practices to form new organizational environment. As in today’s environment, the organizational and technological innovations are entwined. In the year 1950, Schumpeter considered organizational changes, along with the new processes and products, new markets as the key factors leading to ‘creative destruction’. ... One of the significant issues in carrying out research on innovation is to exactly define the concept, ‘innovation’. There is no need to say that ‘innovation’ is something new or original. Beyond this concept of freshness, the dentition of ‘innovation’ would vary in accordance with academic perspective as well the application of the same. A number of researchers have agreed to the fact that an implied aspect of innovation is surely its usefulness. Hence, it distinguishes the ‘innovation’ from any invention as inventions may not have a practical application. More precisely, as per business sense, it is very much desired that innovation would be contributing to the firm’s performance in one or the other way. There is an ongoing debate whether innovation is a mere process or an outcome of the same. This is significant and may be useful in studying the innovation stages as part of organizational processes. Even, the differences c an be useful to find out at which point the organizations become innovative. Another concern has been raised in defining the ‘innovation’. The innovativeness of any firm can demand the firm to be the first mover in any market or innovator in activities. In the year 1983 Rodgers and after 10 years in 1993, Dowling had said that the firms are required to be among a specific percentage of the adopters to be innovative (Read, â€Å"A Definition of Innovation’). The concept of innovation is pretty wide as there can be various types and stages of innovation and varied level of analysis. In the year 1997, Gopalkrishnan and Damanpour had identified three kinds of innovation: radical versus incremental, technical versus administrative

Critical thinking- Critically discuss whether slum-upgrading projects Essay

Critical thinking- Critically discuss whether slum-upgrading projects have been a success or failure - Essay Example aces, health problems have led to the emergence of water borne diseases that have claimed the lives of many who resides in these areas (Katukiza 2014 Pg. 17). Poor sanitary services that cause the epidemic of diseases crops in when absentee tenants build overcrowded semi-permanent houses with a single toilet to be shared by a multitude. The slum- upgrading projects in many parts of the world face various set- backs such as lack of affordability to the poor to build better and many toilets. In addition, the slum- upgrading projects intended to relocate the displaced poor people to their own land found their way to the exploitative political figures. Since 2000, the government of many countries harboring slum dwellers and UNCHS (Habitat) has worked closely to help resolve the sanitary dilemma that has affected the health of many residents. Informal settlement has greatly affected the environment in substantial levels through its dense populated nature. Slum dwellers may engage in sporadic dumping tendencies that affect the environment. Slum- upgrading projects works towards identifying the best localities to build toilets and dumping sites. In its effort to locate these environments, the programs face challenges from the local authorities and political figures that may interfere with land tenure. When the slum- upgrading projects fails to secure land that it can build toilets and dumping site, residents of the slum engages in toilet and dumping behaviors that destroy the environment, which may cause health related issues to crop up. Slum- upgrading projects embarks on soliciting government figures and donors to facilitate the conservation of the environment (Snell- Rood 2013 Pg. 21). Its failure may arise when the project lacks a formidable source of the donation to take it through the entire program. Environmental challenges that face slum- upgrading projects in some slums involve steep terrain and rivers that borders the slum. The problem hinders the slum from

The Darlling by Anton Chekhov Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Darlling by Anton Chekhov - Research Paper Example Although Olenka is charming, sweet and impassive, her weakness is found in forming personal opinions which changes in her encounters with men. The story presents a woman’s pursuit for love characterized by constant heart-breaks, loneliness, and disappointment. Moreover, it portrays the Russian society’s way of life as it was in the Nineteenth century. This paper examines the styles, themes and traits of characters as portrayed in the short story. Style Realism The realism style features predominantly in Chekhov’s story. This realistic style provides the reader with ideas concerning unfavorable way of life rather than ways in which he or she can lead a productive life. "The Darling" portrays people’s way of life in a Russian village to a certain extent. Chekhov focuses on the ordinary particulars of daily life as significant pointers of character, which gives the tale a fairly static tone, as relatively small events occurs in Olenka's life. In this sense, O lenka’s life is characterized by a sequence of marriages as well as deaths signifying the mundane activities or incidences in the society (Garnett 6). Soliloquy In the story, soliloquy is used in a number of instances, especially by the protagonist. Chekhov has used soliloquy to present the ideas of his characters as well as present their personal thoughts concerning her life and incidences that occurs around her. Olenka usually admires other people but keep the complements to her, because of the doubts that they may not be received with appreciation. This marks part of the soliloquy in the story. For instance, Olenka gives a soliloquy when she portrays her admiration towards Sasha, "You pretty pet! ... my precious! ... Such a fair little thing, and so clever." (Chekhov 12). Narrative Tone Narrator’s tone in the story provides Chekhov’s perspective regarding the character of Olenka. The protagonist’s character tends to portray a woman solely dependent on her relationships with men in order to find meaning in life. In addition, Chekhov evokes sympathy for various predicaments that women experience, which are associated with their lack of education as well as social reputation or status. Women facing these education and social status related troubles are portrayed to have a life of intellectual and emotional reliance on men. Besides, â€Å"The Darling† celebrates the protagonist’s character as a model of self-sacrificing maternal love. Denouement Chekhov used denouement to depict the climax of the story. Close to the end of the story, Olenka’s life assume a more fulfilling turn with the homecoming of Vladimir and his son Sasha. Her life begins to brighten with every encounter with Sasha as her presumed son. However, she is still worried that the things might turn out like they have been in her past life. Olenka fears that she may lose Sasha to his mother in the future. Although she happy for the time, things may c hange to what they are used to be: a lonely life full of grieve and heart breaks. Themes Female Disempowerment One of the themes apparent in Chekhov’s story is that of female disempowerment. In â€Å"The Darling†, Chekhov used his central character to present female disempowerment through her characterization as a model of female selflessness. It can be observed that use of the kind word "darling" not only patronizes but also demeans the protagonist. The society tends to congratulate or praise Olenka for subordinating or depending extensively on male intellect as well as

Is The Highrise Residential Building Suitable Socially?

Is The Highrise Residential Building Suitable Socially? The high rise allows one to house huge numbers of people in single edifices, allowing one to treat town-planning on a large-scale. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 27). The highrise is a means of organizing the shambles of a huge city without increasing its spread, of improving living conditions and traffic flow, and creating open spaces for recreation at the same time. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 33). Moreover, as suggested by writers such as Dewi Cooke, urban sociability can be promoted by high-rise housing since it encourages meetings with neighbours through the sharing of mutual facilities. (Cooke, 2012). The residential high-rise building, offers acceptable and suitable accommodation for a certain part of the population: single people, couples and the smaller families. A highrise building is also capable of transforming an older, but well-preserved district into a visual slum. As a result of its height and mass, it tends to overpower its surrounding not only by its size, but all the other aspects of its appearance. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, p.57). As Earnest F. Burckhardt states due to the height of a high rise, people are relegated to an ant-like existence. The highrise apparently seem less worth fulfilling, and somewhat satanic. Other negative features of this massing include architectural monotony, aggressive exhibitionism vs. traditional horizontal housing that would merge into the landscape. Small towns, in particular, lose a certain ambience of intimacy and modesty. Highrise blocks have something loud and aggressive about them. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 58). The high rise is capable of causing tenant isolation and even depression. (Qureshi, 2004). 1.2.1. History and motive The motive of designing a high rise lies in the tendency to rise above the self, it is a fundamental human urge. Building into the sky satisfies a primeval instinct. Acted-out collectively, it signifies the desire to dominate. (Earnest F. Burckhardt, Observations on the question of highrise building). The three most common reasons for building these ostentatious high buildings are known to be: architectural emphasis of a certain place in the city, social distinction of individual, group of nation and demonstration of an abstract or concrete power, which can be summed up to be artistic aesthetic motive, sociological motive and religious motive respectively. (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 14). In the west architects were interested in neither giving distinction to individuals or groups, nor in demonstrating any power, but simply wanted to create a vertical spatial element which would effectively articulate and punctuate the historical mass of banal housing that was rapidly spreading around large cities (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 15). Furthermore, the originators of European high-rise building, particularly the residential type, had social motives in mind. Starting with the theory that architectural environment influences mans way of life, they hoped, by means of differentiated, accentuated building, to promote the re-emergence or strengthening of human values and individuality instated of the growing tendency towards collective behaviour. They were successful. (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 15). And in the contemporary period, the constant and increasing growth of todays major cities results in an ever-growing demand of the high rise building, as is the case in New Delhi, India. 1.3 Massing horizontal cities and vertical cities 1.3.1. issues related to cities (Jaipur) based on horizontal massing The traditional cities of India can be studied to understand planned horizontal massed cities. Common problems can be delineated to understand the negative features related to this type of massing in the contemporary world, as described by the Housing and Development Corportation, with particular reference to Rajasthan. Poor infrastructure is found in most of the towns: katcha houses and non-availability of water, sanitation and basic services to bulk of the rural population (23.1) These areas have no planned drainage systems, management of increasing solid waste is thus becoming an issue in such cities.The restricted areas for defecation, open sewers, lack of clean drinking water, infestation by flies, rats and mosquitoes, cramped living, cooking and sleeping quarters and the exposure to industrial and chemical wastes, all make the basti a risky place to live in. The basti was also a major rubbish sorting depot (outsiders called it the kachraor rubbish basti) which makes it all the more hazardous, especially for young children. (Kumar, McNay. Castaldo, 2008, p.11) Many traffic accidents are caused due to unsystematic and mushroom growth of such centres. There are no regular parking areas for trucks which remain parked within the right of the way of the highways. This invariably creates traffic bottlenecks hampering smooth flow of fast highway traffic. (23.7) Maintenance of built heritage is another problem being faced by such cities. Furthermore, due to migration of people from rural areas there is tremendous pressure on limited urban land and on already strained services. Land cost is escalating every year. Living in cities is thus becoming costlier by the day. At the same time quality of life is deteriorating. Due to the increase in population, ground water resources are depleting. On the other hand, due to migration of village youth to the cities, the village economy is getting adversely affected. Most affected villages are those located near the large cities and valuable agricultural lands are being converted in the name of city development. (23.6) Slums are an inevitable by product of urbanization. The growth of slums is a sign of peoples inability to afford land and shelter through the normal market mechanism and the failure of the public sector to ensure equitable access of the same to the poor. Slum housing lacks in term of tenure, structure access to services are which is deprived of civic amenities. These unauthorized colonies are further problematic since they are set up on agricultural land. 1.3.2. issues related to cities based on vertical massing In the city of Melbourne, with the presence of the heritage buildings and the high rise, from the 71st floor of Melbournes tallest building, the Eureka Tower, Melbournes centre looks small and uneven. The low-rise heritage buildings contrast markedly with the glass and concrete towers that have sprung up in between. Still, theres that view stretching far out to the north and west of the city and curving around the beaches past St Kilda. The vista from the Eureka Tower is vast and beautiful. (Cooke, 2010). Another example is that of Pruitt-Igoe in St. Louis; built as part of the post-war regeneration, it was completed in 1956 but was demolished just fourteen years later after being beset by disrepair, vandalism and crime. For families with children, the high-rise complex did not offer them respite from poverty or crime, but merely gathered the ingredients for it together in one place. In many cases, the high-rise ideal is progressively changed from a citadel of modernism to that of a problem estate, a place of poverty, of aliens and illegal immigrants, petty crime, unemployment, with a high incidence of truancy and drug abuse (Helleman and Wassenberg, 2004, p.6). Against such negativism, it is no surprise that the resultant response was to halt high-rise public housing construction, and even demolition. 1.4 Housing and factors which affect it India is a country where thousands of people migrate to the city for reasons such as social mobility, job opportunities etc. When the architect designs housing factors such as regional identity, culture and traditions are not a priority of the designer. The architect designs to meet the demands of the city. In doing so, the architect controls the societys mode of living in accordance to what he thinks is right. Patterns of housing have constantly changed to accommodate the pressures of land, materials, bye-laws, architectural styles and social cultural values. Human relationships and the associated cultural images are expressed by the built form of various levels, at neighbourhood level by the settlement, at community level by cluster of houses, and at the family level by the house unit. Housing forms a large part of our environment, where physical and infrastructural facilities are shared amongst people. The way housing is built reflects the understanding and attitudes of society with respect to the climate, culture, architecture and the economy. (Ritu. 1992. p. 10). The prevailing socio-economic order has the final say in the layout and building of housing. The effect of recognizing this meant a real breakthrough in the theory and practice of town-planning. Until then, town-planning had been in conflict with a society that apparently refused to understand its purpose and thereby made the realization of it impossible. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, p.23). The town planners and architects gradually began to see the necessity of coming to terms with society if they were to build cities. 1.5 Housing and present situation in Delhi and NCR The overall shortage in EWS and LIG housing in India has been estimated at close to 25 million dwelling units by Micro Housing Finance Corporation. With rapid urbanization and increasing labour mobility arising due to the shift from the agrarian economy to the industrialised and service economy emerging in India, this shortfall of residential accommodation is increasing rapidly. With five people to a dwelling unit, the minimum living space required per dwelling unit is about 300 sq ft, which means that approximately 7,500 million sq ft needs to be built. At a conservative cost of Rs 1,000 per sq ft in urban India where most of the demand exists, the overall investment requirement is a staggering Rs 750,000 cr. (Menon, 2009, p.1). 1.6 Social scenario in urban India with respect to housing With the growth and development of science, technology, trade and commerce there has also been an enormous explosion of human population in modern Indian society. Such a high growth in population in relation to the changes in the life styles of human beings have turned people to be city oriented and agriculture which was previously the main engagement of people has gradually given way to occupations in the fields of industry, trade and commerce. All these factors have made a large section of the populace rushing to the cities creating thereby tremendous and unmanageable space problems. Dwelling space getting scarcer, there is little possibility for horizontal expansion in the cities to facilitate accommodation of such perennial flow of people. As remedial measures, a two-fold planning has been contemplated and is being acted upon. The first way out has been the expansion of city limits and inclusion of the contiguous suburbs within the ambits of the cities. The other remedial measure has been the vertical expansion of the available spaces providing maximum possible accommodation to as many numbers of people as possible through the construction of high rise buildings. In the developed countries of the world like the United States, Canada, The United Kingdom, France, Germany, China , Japan and others construction of high rise buildings started from the early twentieth century while in a developing country like India it began in the later half of that century. (Chatterjee, 2009. p.85). Through further research and study it shall be explored whether India is a suitable place for the growth of highrise buildings, also known as skyscrapers. The highrise shall be studied in the context of housing. It is known that the demand of housing has been escalating in the nation with the increase in urbanization, increase in population and many other factors. It shall be explored if a transition or transformation from horizontal based traditional housing to vertical high rise residential buildings is actually required in the present time. Furthermore, the dissertation would be a critique and analysis, considering the negative and positive perspectives of this transition in residential massing and its effects on the society. The social suitability of the highrise residential building in Delhi and the NCR shall thus be analyzed. Need of the study The study is required to create awareness of the consequences of designing vertically. This awareness would be of pertinence, especially today, because constructing high rise residential buildings is the current trend of the city of Delhi. The knowledge of the issues would help a designer to design. The study would also help individuals residing in a high rise by providing options to deal with problems, if any, which may occur due to a high rise. In other words, firstly the difficulties one faces while residing in a vertical massing will have to be recognized. Then these features can be addressed architecturally. Similarly, the positive aspects of living in a high rise will be delineated. Scope of study 1. The traditional horizontal massing and the approach of vertical massing its general positive and negative features with respect to any existing cities The specific type of massing in study will be housing The height of a building can be analysed with respect to social aspects. Relationships between the two can be figured out, if any exist. The particular context chosen for analysis is the area of my current residence, the capital city of India, Delhi. Since this is a place which can be physically experienced and observed firsthand. Identification of case studies The housing societies where a survey shall be conducted are: Low rise housing four storey building Sector B-10, Vasant Kunj Med rise housing ten storey building Eligibal CGHS plot no 38, Sector 10, Dwarka High rise housing twenty storey building Gurgaon Limitations of study The analysis, to some extent, is based on the analysis of other writers, architects, sociologists etc, since a significant amount of firsthand experience is not available. In order to analyze human response to a high rise residential building and to understand its effect on the society one should talk to people. But due to the time available this cannot be done extensively, but at a small scale. Consequently, interviews, questionnaires and surveys would be followed by shortcomings such as: Sample size: analysis will have to be based on a sample population, which may or may not reflect the social effects of the high rise of the entire region of Delhi accurately People: a number of subdivisions exist within the sample size, which have to be studies separately, such as male, female, children, the elderly, age groups, generations, classes within the society e.g socio-economic strata etc. Area, location: particular areas are chosen according to accessibility Biases, cultural preferences and many other issues may arise General trends: The subject of study, human response to a high rise is subjective in manner. Conclusions or analysis can be drawn by general trends observed only. Results: These results may or may not be representative of the entire population in study. The highrise residential buildings have been a part of other parts of the world for a longer period of time than Delhi. Consequently, the majority of the literature available or critique of the highrise is from a context different from the context in study. When considering the situations abroad, some arguments may or may not apply to Delhi for reasons such as cultural preferences, lifestyles and differences in social-economic strata. Research Methodology Find attached flowchart and Questionnaire The prepared questionnaire will be carried out in the three housing societies. A minimum number of fifteen people will be interviewed, five people within each age group i.e. 60. 2. Highrise living 2.1 Human response to tall buildings High rises have been accused of causing many unpleasant outcomes, including fear, dissatisfaction, stress, behavior problems, suicide, poor social relations, reduced helpfulness, and hindered child development. Early studies and reviews concluded that high-rises are, on balance, not bene ¬Ã‚ cial for residents. At the societal level, they are accused of burdening existing services and infrastructure, worsening tra ¬Ã†â€™c problems, and damaging the character of neighbourhoods (Gifford, 2007. p.2). 2.2 Social implications of built form analysis of different types of spaces The design of urban developments, including high-rise buildings, can influence the social capital and sense of social connectedness amongst residents. For instance, Leyden in 2003 completed a study on the relationship between urban design and social capital and found that residents who lived in mixed-use developments with opportunities for walking rather than driving as a mode of transport, had a higher level of social capital and social cohesion than those who lived in developments lacking these features. (Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Social relations may be divided into two main domains, relationships within a dwelling and relationships among neighbours in the building. One review concluded that high-rise residents have poor social relationships, both among themselves and toward outsiders (Korte Huismans, 1983). In one within-dwelling study in a building in which residences were equal in floor area and supplied furniture, roommates on higher floors got along with one another better than roommates on lower floors (Schiffenbauer, 1979). However, as reported earlier, Edwards, Booth, and Edwards (1982) concluded that high rises are associated with greater marital discord than low rises. (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 9). An examination of friendship patterns within a high rise showed that proximity is a major determinant of social interaction (Bochner, Duncan, Kennedy Orr, 1976). Experience suggests that most social interaction occurs among residents of the same floor; if this is so, then buildings with many floors will include a few friends and acquaintances for the typical resident, and many strangers from other floors. Ginsberg Churchman, in an Israeli study of women who lived in 8- and 20-storey buildings found that 97 % knew at least someone on their own floor, and 67 % knew everyone on their floor; in contrast, 36 % knew over 30 % of all people living in their building (1985). Most women did interact with neighbours, yet reported no problems with privacy. In a large-scale study in Toronto, Michelson found that high-rise apartment dwellers tended to choose friends outside the building, from school or work (1977). These residents viewed their neighbours negatively and as dissimilar to themselve s, except that they were approximate financial equals. In Hong Kong, a high-rise, high-density city, interview results suggest that the overall sense of residential community is low and that where respondents had a very strong sense of neighbourhood, their interactions were often work- or school-based, with colleagues or schoolmates living in the same area (Forrest, La Grange Ngai-Ming, 2002). (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 9). Studies that compare housing forms suggest that high-rise dwellers may have more respondents reported knowing about twice as many families as those in low rises (Williamson, 1978). However, knowing more neighbours did not translate to close relations; the German high-rise residents reported less visiting and borrowing among their neighbours, and that their closest friends were more likely to be colleagues at work than neighbours. Both the German and Italian respondents said that they would like to have more friends among their neighbours, and that they believed they would have more friends if they lived in a smaller building. Outdoor socializing was examined in a study of three housing types in a low-income neighborhood: an old ghetto neighbourhood of low-rise tenement houses, a traditional high-rise housing project and an innovative high-rise housing project, where a creative outdoor design had been added to encourage outdoor use (Holahan, 1976). The old neighborhood and the innovat ive project showed higher levels of outdoor socializing than did the traditional project, which suggests that high-rises will discourage social interaction in their vicinity but that this can be overcome by setting aside an area designed to encourage social interaction. Nature also seems to facilitate social interaction. Researchers observed the presence and location of trees and the presence and location of youth and adults near a high-rise and a low-rise public housing development (Coley, Kuo Sullivan, 1997). Spaces with trees attracted larger and more mixed groups of people than did spaces without natural elements. High-rise residents may have more acquaintances but fewer friends because residents of high rises simply encounter a larger number of people in their building than residents of low rises (Churchman Ginsberg, 1984). More of these people are strangers, too, but one gets to know some of the strangers, over time, at least superficially. Consistent with the notion that lower levels are associated with more friendships, garden apartment residents reported having three times as many friends in the building as did high-rise residents (Boyd, Morris Peel, 1965). Similar results were reported in another study: three-quarters of low-rise residents reported they had made good friendships within their project, but only half of the residents of a high rise could make the same claim (Stevenson, Martin ONeil, 1967). Friendship formation depends on multiple factors, however, differences between the low- and high-rises in the friendship-related attitudes can be found. High-rises were experienced as lower in involvement, support, order and organization, but higher on independence. (Gifford, 2007, p. 10). Research is unanimous in the finding that rates of helping others are lower in high-rise buildings. The nature of most high rises supports anonymity and depersonalization of ones neighbours, so that living in a high rise tends to have both the advantages, such as greater privacy and freedom from unwanted social interaction and disadvantages, less intimate social interaction and less caring about anonymous others as large cities. (Gifford, 2007, p. 12). The gist of the evidence about social relations is that residents of high rises encounter many more other residents, know of or about more others, but have fewer friendships in the building, per capita, than residents of low rises. Social interaction is more difficult for residents to regulate. This can lead to withdrawal, which can lead to loss of community and social support. The structure of high rises usually is such that one is not likely to meet residents of other floors except in elevators and lobbies, which are barely more personal than the street. Thus, one lives physically close to many others, but in practice is limited to those on ones floor for the sort of encounters that might lead to friendship, such as borrowing food or talking while children play. Male-female differences may moderate friendship formation in high versus low rises. (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 12) 2.3 The impact of high rise housing on neighbourhood livability Residents of public high-rise housing estates are likely to perceive different aspects of their housing and neighbourhood in different ways, dependent on their sense of belonging. Some residents may explain stigma in reference to the irresponsible behaviour of fellow residents (Hastings, 2004). Others may not feel connected to their neighbourhood and may not use community facilities (Hastings, 2004). Forrest and Kearns (2001) suggested that communication between residents shapes the image of their neighbourhood and stated: neighbourhoods seem to acquire their identity through an on-going commentary between themselves and this continuous dialogue between different groups and agencies shapes the cognitive map of the city and establishes good and bad reputations (p.2135) (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 5). However, the social connectedness of urban high-rise developments may influence residential satisfaction. Halpern (1995) suggested that if people are in frequent contact with their neighbours, then the objective quality of their house makes little difference to their level of residential satisfaction. On the other hand, Halpern (1995) asserted that if people are not in frequent contact with their neighbours then consequently, the objective quality of their house has a large impact on their satisfaction. In other words, residents who are involved in their local community tend to be happy with where they live regardless of the physical quality of their homes (Halpern, 1995, p.113). (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Baum and Palmer (2002) found, from their study of residents perceptions of the influence of place on levels of social capital, that there exists a direct link between urban infrastructure and social capital. These authors concluded that higher levels of social capital are likely to occur in neighbourhoods where residents have a positive image of their environment and where their environments are green with open spaces Additionally, natural features and open spaces were found to facilitate a sense of community in new urbanist communities. (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). As well as green spaces contributing to urban neighbourhoods social connectedness, pets have been found to facilitate social capital too. A study completed by Wood, Giles-Corti and Bulsara (2005) investigated the role that pets can play in promoting social capital, by surveying a random sample of 339 Australian residents. These authors found that pets promote opportunities for their owners to have social contact with other pet owners, neighbours and members of their community. Furthermore, pets were found to motivate owners to participate in community events and to make use of community facilities (Wood, 2005). (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 7). 2.4 The family in highrise housing 2.5 Children in highrise housing Innumerable studies suggest that children have problems in high-rises. It is known forfamilies with small children, the evidence demonstrates that high-rise living is an unsuitable form of accommodation (Conway Adams, 1977, p. 595.) Another study concludes that high-rise housing does not provide an appropriate living environment for preschool or school-age children because too few of the attributes of a single-family house have been accounted for (Cooper Marcus Hogue, 1976, p. 34. This has not seemed to change with time. Children under 8 are usually not allowed to go downstairs by themselves, and if they were allowed to go down, parents found it difficult to supervise their play. The problems range from fundamental child development issues to everyday activities such as play. For example, a Japanese investigation (Oda, Taniguchi, Wen Higurashi, 1989) concluded that the development of infants raised above the fifth floor in high-rise buildings is delayed, compared to those raised below the fifth floor. The development of numerous skills, such as dressing, helping and appropriate urination was slower. Children who live on higher floors also go outside to play less often (Nitta, 1980, in Oda et al., 1989). A study in India recognized that childrens difficulties are not solely a function of living in high rises (Oke, Khattar, Pant Saraswathi, 1999). Learning to read may be affected by the floor level on which children live (Cohen, Glass Singer, 1973). The researchers measured sound levels, ability to discriminate auditory stimuli, and reading skills in children who lived in high rises built above a major highway in New York. Children in lower-level apartments, Gifford 10 discriminate sounds and had poorer reading skills, than children who lived in higher floors. Apparently, where traffic noise is a considerable factor, high rises may be good for children who live higher up in high rises. Childrens play clearly is affected, as parents in high rises either keep their children indoors more often, which means close protection or over-protection in an indoor environment, or allow them outside, many floors away, which can result in under supervision. One outcome is that children in high rises, on balance, spend more time playing alone and in restricted play (Gittus, 1976). Perhaps this is why there is evidence that high-rise raised children have lower levels of motor ability than children reared in single-family dwellings (Crawford Virgin, 1971; cited in Michelson, 1977). (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 11). 2.6 The elderly in highrise housing A study by Kweon, Sullivan and Wiley (1998) found that elderly public highrise housing residents sense of community was stronger when they spent time in outdoor green common spaces, areas with trees and grass. (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Welfare and the types of living arrangement for the elderly are also gaining wider attention. The aged should be supported by their families, the government and the community, to live and be integrated into the mainstream community for as long as possible (National Council of Social Services, 1996). Hence, planning and designing of housing with essential supporting services should be carried out for this group of people who are more at risk and deserving of care and consideration. 2.7 Secondary studies done on residential responses on high rise living 3. Primary study Case studies done in Delhi and NCR 3.1 Methodology A questionnaire based survey is conducted in housing societies of varying heights (sample questionnaire attached). The questionnaire aims to find social implications with respect to heights of residential buildings. The same number of people are surveyed in all the case studies i.e 15 people, further divided equally in the age groups: teenager, adult and elderly. Data is further analysed to understand the topic in study. 3.2 Selection criteria of case studies Distinct variation in height (4 storey, 10 storey, 20 storey) Within Delhi or NCR 3.3 Data collection through Questionnaire 3.3.1. Low rise housing, Vasant Kunj Not done yet 3.3.2. Med rise housing, Dwarka Elligible Co-operative Group Housing society (10 storey building) Address: Plot no 38, Sector 10, Dwarka 3.3.3. High rise housing, Gurgaon Not done yet 4. Analysis of Data 5. Findings According to the case study done in Dwarka, a pattern can be observed between the liking of a particular type of housing i.e low, medium, high and the generation. It is found that teenagers, todays generation prefer the highrise. Adults prefer medium rise housing walk ups. While the elderly prefer the bungalow system, the idea where one can say this particular piece of land is the property of my family and me. A highrise, however, stresses on community land or space, then the unit or apartment becomes the property of the individual owner. The finding exemplifies how one becomes accustomed to particular conditions during their years of development and seems to become their preferred style of living. It is also found that there are a number of spaces where people interact such as the community hall, gym, badminton court, children play area, the road which runs along the periphery of the society which acts a Theories of Demand for Audit: An Analysis Theories of Demand for Audit: An Analysis Audit refers to an examination of the financial reports of a firm by an independent entity. The separation of business ownership and management in modern society has created a need for accountability; causing the role of audit to change as the needs of stakeholders change. Audit, in itself, caters to the relationship of accountability; independent from other parts of the firm to provide a true and fair view of the financial reports of an organisation. Whereas, the value relevance refers to the auditors ability and responsibility to provide reasonable assurance that financial statements are free of material misstatement, either due to fraud or error; or both. Audit theories provide a framework for auditing, uncovers the laws that govern the audit process and the relationship between different parties of a firm, forming the basis of the role of audit. Mautz and Sharaf expressed that concepts provide a basis for advancement in the field of knowledge by facilitating communication about it and its problems. There are many theories which may explain demand for audit services in modern societies. These include, but are not limited to; The policeman theory The credibility theory The theory of inspired confidence The agency theory The policeman theory asserts that the auditor is responsible for searching, discovering and preventing any fraudulent activity. However, the role of auditors is to provide reasonable assurance and an independent, true and fair view of the financial statements. Although, there has been more pressure on auditors to detect fraud after recent reporting scandals e.g. Enron. It can be argued that in modern societies, the users of statements want auditors to be responsible for fraud detection as they use audit reports to analyse and make decisions. However, auditors are not responsible for finding all fraud but should improve their detection rate to instil public confidence. ISA (UK and Ireland) 240 states that the primary responsibility of fraud prevention and detection rests with the management and the governance of an organisation; it is also important that more emphasis is placed on prevention of fraud. However, the auditor also has a duty of care to the end users of audit reports and s hould consider risks of material misstatements due to fraud when calculating audit risk. The credibility theory suggests that adding credibility to financial statements is an integral part of auditing, making it a fundamental service auditors provide to clients. Audited financial statements boost users confidence in an organisations financial records and managements stewardship; in turn, improving their decision quality such as, investment or new contracts, based on reliable information. This is because stakeholders need to have faith in the financial statements. The credibility gained by financial statements would affect decisions by stakeholders (e.g. Credit limits provided by suppliers) and also helps shareholders put trust in management; reducing the information asymmetry between stakeholders and management. However, Porter (1990) concluded, that audited information does not form the primary basis for investors investment decisions, but in my opinion audit reports may still play a part; albeit small, in investment decisions. The theory of inspired confidence focuses on both the demand and supply of audit services. The relationship of accountability is realised with financial statements; however, as outside parties cannot monitor any material misstatement or bias in financial reports, the demand for an independent reliable audit arises. The supply of audit services should satisfy the public confidence that arises from the audit and fulfil community expectations, as the general function of audit is derived from the need for independent examination and an expert opinion based on findings; due to the confidence society places in an independent auditors opinion. It can be assumed that if society lost confidence in audit opinion, the social usefulness of audit would cease; as audit delivers benefits to the users of financial statements. However, as Limperg argues an auditor should try to meet the expectations of a rational outsider but not create higher expectations from his audit report than is justifiable by his examination of audit evidence. As Limperg states The theory expects from the accountant that in each special case he ascertains what expectations he arouses; that he realizes the tenor of the confidence that he inspires with the fulfillment of each specific function (Limperg Institute, 1985, 19). The auditor should maintain appropriate business practices to maintain his independence from the firm being audited, in order to satisfy his obligation to examine business practices and provide a credible opinion on the financial statements. The agency theory emphasises that audit services are employed in both the interests of third parties and management. An agency relationship exists between the agent (management) and principals (shareholders, employees, banks etc.); where the authority of decision-making is delegated to the agent. If both principals and agents want to maximise utility, the agent may not always act in the best interests of the principal as their interests may differ e.g. shareholders may want to maximise share value, management may be interested in company growth. Hence, agency theory focuses on the costs and benefits of an agent-principal relationship. Costs that arise due to the decision-making authority given to agents, in modern companies due to separation of ownership and control are agency costs, agency costs are the sum of the monitoring expense by the principal, the bonding expense of the agent and the residual loss. A beneficial agency cost would maximise shareholder value and an unwanted agency cost would arise due to conflict of interest between shareholders and managers. Analysis of agency costs give an indication of how well an agent is discharging his responsibilities towards the principal, enabling the principal to observe and introduce controls to reduce any conflict of interest. As an organisation has many contracts, several parties (e.g. suppliers, employees etc.) which add value to the company for a given price, for their own personal interests; it is the agents responsibility to optimise the contracts to maximise the value of the organisation. An audit is a monitoring mechanism for principals to gain an independent and reliable opinion on the financial statements provided by the agent, reinforcing accountability and maintaining confidence and trust in the organisation. Agency theory is the most widely used audit theory. These theories demonstrate the need of accountability in modern society and the role of audit in providing reasonable assurance and unbiased opinion to users of financial statements, about an organisation. Stakeholders place trust in auditors due to the credibility of audit; lenders, suppliers and employees may want reasonable assurance on the accounts of an organisation before any business contracts are established. Shareholders want an independent opinion on the running of the organisation and how the management is executing its stewardship, they also require a true and fair view of financial statements to analyse their investment in the organisation and to gain confidence in the management and in turn, the organisation. Societal expectations from auditors may exceed the capability of audit creating an audit expectation gap, where users of financial statements expect an auditor to detect all material fraud; due to their legal access to company records and right to gain explanation from employees for the purpose of audit. ISA 200 also emphasises that due to the limitations of an audit, there is an unavoidable risk that some material misstatements will not be detected, even when the audit is done in accordance with the ISAs (UK and Ireland). Hence, while auditors discharge their duties, they should educate the public about the inherent limitations of audit and their role in financial reporting. It should be understood that auditors too rely on the management to gain information about the activities of an organisation. Imparting that the audit is based on calculated audit risk which would have been reduced to an acceptable level however, it is not possible to provide an audit opinion without any audit r isk present. Audit theory has evolved over time as needs of society changed, so did audit techniques resulting in a change of auditor function. A considerable investment into the development of auditing theory is justified as it will help us address audit deficiencies with a more tailored approach towards the complex needs of modern society, with the fast-paced trading of stocks and extensive contracts of organisations. Auditors are placed in a position of trust to provide an independent and unbiased opinion on financial statements. Extensive research in developing audit theory might help auditors to discharge their duty with more competence and may reduce audit risk substantially. However, it can be argued that the expectation gap should be filled by means of education in order to enable stakeholders and third parties to interpret and analyse audit reports correctly, with rational expectations from the auditors. Also, to help them make informed decisions based on audit reports, fulfilling the pu rpose of the audit.