How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play Essay Example

How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play? Paper The well known play Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare, is about a young boy and girl who fall in love. They do not realise that they are from enemy families that have been involved in a long feud for many years. They first meet at a party held by Juliets parents the Capulets. Romeo and his other Monatgue friends have snuck into the party uninvited. The moment the two first meet they fall madly in love. They secretly meet and within a couple of days they are to be married. However as the family feud continues, more blood is shed as Tybalt (Capulet) kills Mercutio (Montague). Because of this Romeo seeks revenge by killing Tybalt. The prince banishes Romeo from Verona upon hearing the death of Tybalt or he too will have to face death. Romeo leaves Verona, as Juliet mourns for him not believing what he has done. Although Juliet still defends him, and becomes upset from the prospect of never seeing him again, and says she wants to die. Similarly does Romeo, however Friar Lawrence persuades him otherwise telling him that he will see Juliet again. However, Juliets parents are forcing her to marry Paris, as they do not know she is already married to Romeo. She goes to Friar Lawrence and he comes up with the idea of a sleeping potion that will make her appear dead. Everyone is busy preparing for the wedding when the nurse finds Juliet dead, they soon turn to funeral arrangements. Romeo hears from Balthasar that his love is dead, and so he visits an apothecary. He asks him for a lethal poison, and although the apothecary doesnt want to sell it to Romeo, he desperately needs the money. From this act of greed Romeo goes to the tomb were Juliet lies. At the same time the Friar has sent Romeo a letter informing him of their plan, and that Juliet isnt dead. But sadly Romeo doesnt receive it. We will write a custom essay sample on How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does act 1 scene 5 and act 3 scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet affect the tragic ending of the play? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Paris sees Romeo opening Juliets coffin to see her one last time and at this he thinks he is going to vandalise it. The pair begin to fight and Paris dies. Romeo realises that Paris was to be Juliets suitable match and lays him in the coffin with her as a mark of respect for him. Seeing Juliet lying in the tomb, he takes his own life with the poison. Juliet then awakens to find Romeo dead with the empty bottle in his hand and tries to kiss him taking the poison from his lips. This doesnt work, so she takes Romeos sword and stabs herself. When the prince discovers the story of the two lovers, he makes the Montagues and the Capulets agree to end the feud, and the Capulets erect a gold statue of Romeo and the Montagues one of Juliet to symbolise their forgiveness. At the beginning of the play we see Sampson and Gregory two servants of the Capulets, and Abraham and Balthasar servants of the Montagues fighting in the street. The fight soon becomes bigger as Benvolio (Montague) and Tybalt (Capulet) join in. The prince of Verona hears of the fight and quickly goes to the scene. He makes a powerful speech warning of a death penalty if there are any further fights between the two families. We first meet Romeo as a lovesick boy who has fallen for Rosaline, however she does not reciprocate his love. Benvolio, a close friend of his tries to tell Romeo that he should try to forget Rosaline, and look for another woman. Meanwhile Capulet is discussing the possible marriage for his daughter to Paris. The capulets are holding a party later that night in order for the couple to meet and see if they are well suited. Juliet decides to have an open mind on the possible marriage. Romeo and his friends are out in the street when a servant asks for their help to read who the invitations are for, he sees that Rosaline is invited, so hoping he will see her he and his friends go to the party uninvited. We are now at act 1 scene 5, which is set at the Capulets party in their house. Romeo and his friends have snuck into the party disguised in masks. When he first sees Juliet for the first time he asks the serving man for her name. He then goes on to say how beautiful she is compared to the other women in the room. He states that she is like a white dove among a flock of crows. He then plans to go over to her when the dance has finished and touch her hand with his unworthy one. He then questions himself asking if he had ever really loved anyone before he met her. This shows us that he has already forgotten about Rosaline, and now this stranger to him has stolen his heart. It also shows us that he realises that maybe his feelings for Rosaline werent that strong after all. The measure done, Ill watch her place of stand, And, touching hers, make blessà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d my rude hand. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I neer saw true beauty till this night. From hearing the young boy talking, Tybalt recognizes that it is a Montague behind the mask. This, by his voice, should be a Montague. -Fetch me my rapier, boy. Capulet sees Tybalt is angry, and asks him why. Tybalt tells him that a Montague has come to the party. Capulet asks if it is Romeo and Tybalt replies Tis he, that villain Romeo. Capulet then tells his nephew to calm down, and to ignore Romeo. He tells Tybalt that Romeo has a reputation as a well behaved young man and that he will not disgrace him in his own home. Tybalt doesnt agree with Capulet, which angers him telling Tybalt he will respect his decision and tolerate Romeo being here. Tybalt backs down against his uncle, but swears he will take revenge on Romeo another time. Romeo and Juliet now talk for the first time. Romeo and Juliets first fourteen lines are from a sonnet. Romeo takes Juliets hand and says her hand is like a holy place where he is unworthy of visiting. She replies that by holding her hand he is showing devotion, and pilgrims touch the hands of statues of saints, so holding one palm against another is like a kiss. He then questions her by saying dont saints and pilgrims have lips too? She says yes-but those lips are for the use of prayer. To that he says let lips do what hands do, and that he is praying for her to kiss him. He asks her to make his prayer come true so as he doesnt loose his faith. She says that the saints do not move even when they grant the prayers. To which he replies dont move while I act out my prayer. With this he kisses her, and states that his sin has been taken from his lips. To which she asks if her lips now have the sin from his? To which he takes his sin back with another kiss. With that they are parted from one another as Juliet is rushed away to talk with her mother. Romeo asks the nurse who is her mother, to which the nurse delivers the bad news that she is the lady of the house a Capulet. Romeo shocked with what he has heard says to himself Is she a Capulet? O dear account! My life is my foes debt. Similarly Juliet is now asking the nurse who several of the men at the party are in order to disguise her true purpose of finding out who Romeo is. When the nurse does not know who Romeo is, she makes her go and ask. She quietly to herself hopes that he is not married stating she would rather die than marry anyone else. When the nurse returns she tells her His name is Romeo, and a Montague, The only son of your great enemy. Juliet too is shocked that he is a Montague saying Prodigious birth of love it is to me, That I must love a loathà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d enemy. This shows us that she too has fallen for Romeo, and like wise he has fallen for Juliet. The two star crossed lovers who have now fallen in love after not knowing their true identities cannot stop their over powering feelings for one another. Because they are forbidden to see and mix with one another, they have to do it in secret, which would make their decisions more irrational and erratic. Also because they have fallen madly in love, people can often do things they wouldnt normally, and love can often cloud their better judgement. After act 1 scene 5 we see Romeo ignoring the dangers of climbing into Juliets orchard unnoticed he hears Juliet confessing her love for him. He reveals himself, and the pair declare their love for one another. At this they decide to get married. Juliet tells Romeo she will send a messenger in the morning to tell him of the plans for their wedding. The next day Romeo visits his friend Friar Laurence, who hopes the marriage will end the long feud between the families. The nurse meets with Romeo as Juliets messenger and tells him they will be wed later that day. She brings Romeo cords which he can use to climb into Juliets bedchamber on their first night as husband and wife. This leads us to act 3 scenes 1, set under the sun and the public eye. Mercutio and Benvolio are bantering about Benvolio being hot blooded, when Tybalt, Petruchio and other Capulets walk over to them. He says he wants to speak to Romeo, and he knows that they consort to which Mercutio get offended, saying they are not in a band, but he could make him dance with his fiddlestick-meaning his sword. Benvolio then says that they are talking in a public place and they should do this else where, so as people cant see them. To which Mercutio replies Mens eyes were made to look and let them gaze. I will not budge for no mans pleasure At this Romeo comes into the scene and Tybalt says Well, peace be with you, sir. Here comes my man. Tybalt tries to rile Romeo by calling him a villain, which Romeo simply answers, Tybalt, the reason that I have to love thee Doth much excuse the appertaining rage To such a greeting. Villain am I none. Therefore, farewell. I see thou knowst me not. Tybalt does not take Romeos peaceful approach seriously and tells his to draw his sword. Romeo refuses to draw, for without Tybalts knowing he is now part of his family as he is married to Juliet. However Mercutio says he will fight Tybalt and draws his own sword. Tybalt agrees to fight Mercutio but Romeo protests telling Mercutio to put his sword away. But the two men begin to fight so Romeo decides he must take action and calls to Benvolio Draw, Benvolio. Beat down their weapons. Gentlemen, for shame! Forbear this outrage. Tybalt, Mercutio! The Prince expressly hath Forbidden bandying in Verona streets. Hold, Tybalt! Good Mercutio! As Rom eo tries to break up the fight Tybalt craftily reaches under Romeos arm and stabs Mercutio. Tybalt and the other Capulets run away, leaving Mercutio to die. Mercutio cries a plague on both your houses as he blames their on going argument for his injuries. Romeo stays with his friend trying to explain he thought he was doing the right thing. Sadly Benvolio speaks the news that Mercutio is dead. With this Tybalt re-enters the scene, and Romeo says, its time for rage to guide my actionsMercutio soul is floating right above our headsEither you or I, or both of us have to go with him. With his revenge in the form of anger Romeo and Tybalt fight, Tybalt is struck and falls to the ground and dies. Benvolio tells Romeo to leave. The prince is called and so are the Montagues and the Capulets. The prince hears from Benvolio what has happened and makes the decision to banish Romeo from Verona, immediately saying Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. Showing he will no longer tolerate murderers in his city under any circumstance. If Tybalt hadnt come looking for Romeo, he would not have fought Mercutio after Romeo refused. This would of spared the life of Mercutio, which in tern would have saved Tybalts own life that Romeo took in revenge. If this hadnt of happened Romeo wouldnt have been banished from Verona, so there would be no need for Juliet to take the sleeping potion to appear dead. This would mean Romeo wouldnt need to receive a message about the Friars plan as it would not exist, so therefore he would not visit the apothecary under false pretences to buy the lethal poison in which he uses to kill himself. As well as this Pariss life would also be spared, as he would not be at the tomb side of the supposedly dead Juliet. And lastly Juliet would not be forced to commit suicide as her one true love, would too not have needed to take his own life in order for the couple to be together. To conclude I think that Tybalt is the most to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. I dont think it is his fault entirely as he has been bought up thinking that the Montagues are enemies, but due to his uncontrollable anger more lives were lost that were uninvolved in the feud. Because Tybalt refused to listen to Romeos reasoning his actions led not only to his deaths but the separation and the tragic ending of the two soul mates. As the prince said, For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo. All this tragedy could have been prevented if the families sorted out the feud a long time ago, and allowed Verona to become a city of peace, rather than the host of an ongoing war.

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Is The Highrise Residential Building Suitable Socially?

Is The Highrise Residential Building Suitable Socially? The high rise allows one to house huge numbers of people in single edifices, allowing one to treat town-planning on a large-scale. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 27). The highrise is a means of organizing the shambles of a huge city without increasing its spread, of improving living conditions and traffic flow, and creating open spaces for recreation at the same time. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 33). Moreover, as suggested by writers such as Dewi Cooke, urban sociability can be promoted by high-rise housing since it encourages meetings with neighbours through the sharing of mutual facilities. (Cooke, 2012). The residential high-rise building, offers acceptable and suitable accommodation for a certain part of the population: single people, couples and the smaller families. A highrise building is also capable of transforming an older, but well-preserved district into a visual slum. As a result of its height and mass, it tends to overpower its surrounding not only by its size, but all the other aspects of its appearance. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, p.57). As Earnest F. Burckhardt states due to the height of a high rise, people are relegated to an ant-like existence. The highrise apparently seem less worth fulfilling, and somewhat satanic. Other negative features of this massing include architectural monotony, aggressive exhibitionism vs. traditional horizontal housing that would merge into the landscape. Small towns, in particular, lose a certain ambience of intimacy and modesty. Highrise blocks have something loud and aggressive about them. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 58). The high rise is capable of causing tenant isolation and even depression. (Qureshi, 2004). 1.2.1. History and motive The motive of designing a high rise lies in the tendency to rise above the self, it is a fundamental human urge. Building into the sky satisfies a primeval instinct. Acted-out collectively, it signifies the desire to dominate. (Earnest F. Burckhardt, Observations on the question of highrise building). The three most common reasons for building these ostentatious high buildings are known to be: architectural emphasis of a certain place in the city, social distinction of individual, group of nation and demonstration of an abstract or concrete power, which can be summed up to be artistic aesthetic motive, sociological motive and religious motive respectively. (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 14). In the west architects were interested in neither giving distinction to individuals or groups, nor in demonstrating any power, but simply wanted to create a vertical spatial element which would effectively articulate and punctuate the historical mass of banal housing that was rapidly spreading around large cities (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 15). Furthermore, the originators of European high-rise building, particularly the residential type, had social motives in mind. Starting with the theory that architectural environment influences mans way of life, they hoped, by means of differentiated, accentuated building, to promote the re-emergence or strengthening of human values and individuality instated of the growing tendency towards collective behaviour. They were successful. (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 15). And in the contemporary period, the constant and increasing growth of todays major cities results in an ever-growing demand of the high rise building, as is the case in New Delhi, India. 1.3 Massing horizontal cities and vertical cities 1.3.1. issues related to cities (Jaipur) based on horizontal massing The traditional cities of India can be studied to understand planned horizontal massed cities. Common problems can be delineated to understand the negative features related to this type of massing in the contemporary world, as described by the Housing and Development Corportation, with particular reference to Rajasthan. Poor infrastructure is found in most of the towns: katcha houses and non-availability of water, sanitation and basic services to bulk of the rural population (23.1) These areas have no planned drainage systems, management of increasing solid waste is thus becoming an issue in such cities.The restricted areas for defecation, open sewers, lack of clean drinking water, infestation by flies, rats and mosquitoes, cramped living, cooking and sleeping quarters and the exposure to industrial and chemical wastes, all make the basti a risky place to live in. The basti was also a major rubbish sorting depot (outsiders called it the kachraor rubbish basti) which makes it all the more hazardous, especially for young children. (Kumar, McNay. Castaldo, 2008, p.11) Many traffic accidents are caused due to unsystematic and mushroom growth of such centres. There are no regular parking areas for trucks which remain parked within the right of the way of the highways. This invariably creates traffic bottlenecks hampering smooth flow of fast highway traffic. (23.7) Maintenance of built heritage is another problem being faced by such cities. Furthermore, due to migration of people from rural areas there is tremendous pressure on limited urban land and on already strained services. Land cost is escalating every year. Living in cities is thus becoming costlier by the day. At the same time quality of life is deteriorating. Due to the increase in population, ground water resources are depleting. On the other hand, due to migration of village youth to the cities, the village economy is getting adversely affected. Most affected villages are those located near the large cities and valuable agricultural lands are being converted in the name of city development. (23.6) Slums are an inevitable by product of urbanization. The growth of slums is a sign of peoples inability to afford land and shelter through the normal market mechanism and the failure of the public sector to ensure equitable access of the same to the poor. Slum housing lacks in term of tenure, structure access to services are which is deprived of civic amenities. These unauthorized colonies are further problematic since they are set up on agricultural land. 1.3.2. issues related to cities based on vertical massing In the city of Melbourne, with the presence of the heritage buildings and the high rise, from the 71st floor of Melbournes tallest building, the Eureka Tower, Melbournes centre looks small and uneven. The low-rise heritage buildings contrast markedly with the glass and concrete towers that have sprung up in between. Still, theres that view stretching far out to the north and west of the city and curving around the beaches past St Kilda. The vista from the Eureka Tower is vast and beautiful. (Cooke, 2010). Another example is that of Pruitt-Igoe in St. Louis; built as part of the post-war regeneration, it was completed in 1956 but was demolished just fourteen years later after being beset by disrepair, vandalism and crime. For families with children, the high-rise complex did not offer them respite from poverty or crime, but merely gathered the ingredients for it together in one place. In many cases, the high-rise ideal is progressively changed from a citadel of modernism to that of a problem estate, a place of poverty, of aliens and illegal immigrants, petty crime, unemployment, with a high incidence of truancy and drug abuse (Helleman and Wassenberg, 2004, p.6). Against such negativism, it is no surprise that the resultant response was to halt high-rise public housing construction, and even demolition. 1.4 Housing and factors which affect it India is a country where thousands of people migrate to the city for reasons such as social mobility, job opportunities etc. When the architect designs housing factors such as regional identity, culture and traditions are not a priority of the designer. The architect designs to meet the demands of the city. In doing so, the architect controls the societys mode of living in accordance to what he thinks is right. Patterns of housing have constantly changed to accommodate the pressures of land, materials, bye-laws, architectural styles and social cultural values. Human relationships and the associated cultural images are expressed by the built form of various levels, at neighbourhood level by the settlement, at community level by cluster of houses, and at the family level by the house unit. Housing forms a large part of our environment, where physical and infrastructural facilities are shared amongst people. The way housing is built reflects the understanding and attitudes of society with respect to the climate, culture, architecture and the economy. (Ritu. 1992. p. 10). The prevailing socio-economic order has the final say in the layout and building of housing. The effect of recognizing this meant a real breakthrough in the theory and practice of town-planning. Until then, town-planning had been in conflict with a society that apparently refused to understand its purpose and thereby made the realization of it impossible. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, p.23). The town planners and architects gradually began to see the necessity of coming to terms with society if they were to build cities. 1.5 Housing and present situation in Delhi and NCR The overall shortage in EWS and LIG housing in India has been estimated at close to 25 million dwelling units by Micro Housing Finance Corporation. With rapid urbanization and increasing labour mobility arising due to the shift from the agrarian economy to the industrialised and service economy emerging in India, this shortfall of residential accommodation is increasing rapidly. With five people to a dwelling unit, the minimum living space required per dwelling unit is about 300 sq ft, which means that approximately 7,500 million sq ft needs to be built. At a conservative cost of Rs 1,000 per sq ft in urban India where most of the demand exists, the overall investment requirement is a staggering Rs 750,000 cr. (Menon, 2009, p.1). 1.6 Social scenario in urban India with respect to housing With the growth and development of science, technology, trade and commerce there has also been an enormous explosion of human population in modern Indian society. Such a high growth in population in relation to the changes in the life styles of human beings have turned people to be city oriented and agriculture which was previously the main engagement of people has gradually given way to occupations in the fields of industry, trade and commerce. All these factors have made a large section of the populace rushing to the cities creating thereby tremendous and unmanageable space problems. Dwelling space getting scarcer, there is little possibility for horizontal expansion in the cities to facilitate accommodation of such perennial flow of people. As remedial measures, a two-fold planning has been contemplated and is being acted upon. The first way out has been the expansion of city limits and inclusion of the contiguous suburbs within the ambits of the cities. The other remedial measure has been the vertical expansion of the available spaces providing maximum possible accommodation to as many numbers of people as possible through the construction of high rise buildings. In the developed countries of the world like the United States, Canada, The United Kingdom, France, Germany, China , Japan and others construction of high rise buildings started from the early twentieth century while in a developing country like India it began in the later half of that century. (Chatterjee, 2009. p.85). Through further research and study it shall be explored whether India is a suitable place for the growth of highrise buildings, also known as skyscrapers. The highrise shall be studied in the context of housing. It is known that the demand of housing has been escalating in the nation with the increase in urbanization, increase in population and many other factors. It shall be explored if a transition or transformation from horizontal based traditional housing to vertical high rise residential buildings is actually required in the present time. Furthermore, the dissertation would be a critique and analysis, considering the negative and positive perspectives of this transition in residential massing and its effects on the society. The social suitability of the highrise residential building in Delhi and the NCR shall thus be analyzed. Need of the study The study is required to create awareness of the consequences of designing vertically. This awareness would be of pertinence, especially today, because constructing high rise residential buildings is the current trend of the city of Delhi. The knowledge of the issues would help a designer to design. The study would also help individuals residing in a high rise by providing options to deal with problems, if any, which may occur due to a high rise. In other words, firstly the difficulties one faces while residing in a vertical massing will have to be recognized. Then these features can be addressed architecturally. Similarly, the positive aspects of living in a high rise will be delineated. Scope of study 1. The traditional horizontal massing and the approach of vertical massing its general positive and negative features with respect to any existing cities The specific type of massing in study will be housing The height of a building can be analysed with respect to social aspects. Relationships between the two can be figured out, if any exist. The particular context chosen for analysis is the area of my current residence, the capital city of India, Delhi. Since this is a place which can be physically experienced and observed firsthand. Identification of case studies The housing societies where a survey shall be conducted are: Low rise housing four storey building Sector B-10, Vasant Kunj Med rise housing ten storey building Eligibal CGHS plot no 38, Sector 10, Dwarka High rise housing twenty storey building Gurgaon Limitations of study The analysis, to some extent, is based on the analysis of other writers, architects, sociologists etc, since a significant amount of firsthand experience is not available. In order to analyze human response to a high rise residential building and to understand its effect on the society one should talk to people. But due to the time available this cannot be done extensively, but at a small scale. Consequently, interviews, questionnaires and surveys would be followed by shortcomings such as: Sample size: analysis will have to be based on a sample population, which may or may not reflect the social effects of the high rise of the entire region of Delhi accurately People: a number of subdivisions exist within the sample size, which have to be studies separately, such as male, female, children, the elderly, age groups, generations, classes within the society e.g socio-economic strata etc. Area, location: particular areas are chosen according to accessibility Biases, cultural preferences and many other issues may arise General trends: The subject of study, human response to a high rise is subjective in manner. Conclusions or analysis can be drawn by general trends observed only. Results: These results may or may not be representative of the entire population in study. The highrise residential buildings have been a part of other parts of the world for a longer period of time than Delhi. Consequently, the majority of the literature available or critique of the highrise is from a context different from the context in study. When considering the situations abroad, some arguments may or may not apply to Delhi for reasons such as cultural preferences, lifestyles and differences in social-economic strata. Research Methodology Find attached flowchart and Questionnaire The prepared questionnaire will be carried out in the three housing societies. A minimum number of fifteen people will be interviewed, five people within each age group i.e. 60. 2. Highrise living 2.1 Human response to tall buildings High rises have been accused of causing many unpleasant outcomes, including fear, dissatisfaction, stress, behavior problems, suicide, poor social relations, reduced helpfulness, and hindered child development. Early studies and reviews concluded that high-rises are, on balance, not bene ¬Ã‚ cial for residents. At the societal level, they are accused of burdening existing services and infrastructure, worsening tra ¬Ã†â€™c problems, and damaging the character of neighbourhoods (Gifford, 2007. p.2). 2.2 Social implications of built form analysis of different types of spaces The design of urban developments, including high-rise buildings, can influence the social capital and sense of social connectedness amongst residents. For instance, Leyden in 2003 completed a study on the relationship between urban design and social capital and found that residents who lived in mixed-use developments with opportunities for walking rather than driving as a mode of transport, had a higher level of social capital and social cohesion than those who lived in developments lacking these features. (Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Social relations may be divided into two main domains, relationships within a dwelling and relationships among neighbours in the building. One review concluded that high-rise residents have poor social relationships, both among themselves and toward outsiders (Korte Huismans, 1983). In one within-dwelling study in a building in which residences were equal in floor area and supplied furniture, roommates on higher floors got along with one another better than roommates on lower floors (Schiffenbauer, 1979). However, as reported earlier, Edwards, Booth, and Edwards (1982) concluded that high rises are associated with greater marital discord than low rises. (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 9). An examination of friendship patterns within a high rise showed that proximity is a major determinant of social interaction (Bochner, Duncan, Kennedy Orr, 1976). Experience suggests that most social interaction occurs among residents of the same floor; if this is so, then buildings with many floors will include a few friends and acquaintances for the typical resident, and many strangers from other floors. Ginsberg Churchman, in an Israeli study of women who lived in 8- and 20-storey buildings found that 97 % knew at least someone on their own floor, and 67 % knew everyone on their floor; in contrast, 36 % knew over 30 % of all people living in their building (1985). Most women did interact with neighbours, yet reported no problems with privacy. In a large-scale study in Toronto, Michelson found that high-rise apartment dwellers tended to choose friends outside the building, from school or work (1977). These residents viewed their neighbours negatively and as dissimilar to themselve s, except that they were approximate financial equals. In Hong Kong, a high-rise, high-density city, interview results suggest that the overall sense of residential community is low and that where respondents had a very strong sense of neighbourhood, their interactions were often work- or school-based, with colleagues or schoolmates living in the same area (Forrest, La Grange Ngai-Ming, 2002). (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 9). Studies that compare housing forms suggest that high-rise dwellers may have more respondents reported knowing about twice as many families as those in low rises (Williamson, 1978). However, knowing more neighbours did not translate to close relations; the German high-rise residents reported less visiting and borrowing among their neighbours, and that their closest friends were more likely to be colleagues at work than neighbours. Both the German and Italian respondents said that they would like to have more friends among their neighbours, and that they believed they would have more friends if they lived in a smaller building. Outdoor socializing was examined in a study of three housing types in a low-income neighborhood: an old ghetto neighbourhood of low-rise tenement houses, a traditional high-rise housing project and an innovative high-rise housing project, where a creative outdoor design had been added to encourage outdoor use (Holahan, 1976). The old neighborhood and the innovat ive project showed higher levels of outdoor socializing than did the traditional project, which suggests that high-rises will discourage social interaction in their vicinity but that this can be overcome by setting aside an area designed to encourage social interaction. Nature also seems to facilitate social interaction. Researchers observed the presence and location of trees and the presence and location of youth and adults near a high-rise and a low-rise public housing development (Coley, Kuo Sullivan, 1997). Spaces with trees attracted larger and more mixed groups of people than did spaces without natural elements. High-rise residents may have more acquaintances but fewer friends because residents of high rises simply encounter a larger number of people in their building than residents of low rises (Churchman Ginsberg, 1984). More of these people are strangers, too, but one gets to know some of the strangers, over time, at least superficially. Consistent with the notion that lower levels are associated with more friendships, garden apartment residents reported having three times as many friends in the building as did high-rise residents (Boyd, Morris Peel, 1965). Similar results were reported in another study: three-quarters of low-rise residents reported they had made good friendships within their project, but only half of the residents of a high rise could make the same claim (Stevenson, Martin ONeil, 1967). Friendship formation depends on multiple factors, however, differences between the low- and high-rises in the friendship-related attitudes can be found. High-rises were experienced as lower in involvement, support, order and organization, but higher on independence. (Gifford, 2007, p. 10). Research is unanimous in the finding that rates of helping others are lower in high-rise buildings. The nature of most high rises supports anonymity and depersonalization of ones neighbours, so that living in a high rise tends to have both the advantages, such as greater privacy and freedom from unwanted social interaction and disadvantages, less intimate social interaction and less caring about anonymous others as large cities. (Gifford, 2007, p. 12). The gist of the evidence about social relations is that residents of high rises encounter many more other residents, know of or about more others, but have fewer friendships in the building, per capita, than residents of low rises. Social interaction is more difficult for residents to regulate. This can lead to withdrawal, which can lead to loss of community and social support. The structure of high rises usually is such that one is not likely to meet residents of other floors except in elevators and lobbies, which are barely more personal than the street. Thus, one lives physically close to many others, but in practice is limited to those on ones floor for the sort of encounters that might lead to friendship, such as borrowing food or talking while children play. Male-female differences may moderate friendship formation in high versus low rises. (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 12) 2.3 The impact of high rise housing on neighbourhood livability Residents of public high-rise housing estates are likely to perceive different aspects of their housing and neighbourhood in different ways, dependent on their sense of belonging. Some residents may explain stigma in reference to the irresponsible behaviour of fellow residents (Hastings, 2004). Others may not feel connected to their neighbourhood and may not use community facilities (Hastings, 2004). Forrest and Kearns (2001) suggested that communication between residents shapes the image of their neighbourhood and stated: neighbourhoods seem to acquire their identity through an on-going commentary between themselves and this continuous dialogue between different groups and agencies shapes the cognitive map of the city and establishes good and bad reputations (p.2135) (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 5). However, the social connectedness of urban high-rise developments may influence residential satisfaction. Halpern (1995) suggested that if people are in frequent contact with their neighbours, then the objective quality of their house makes little difference to their level of residential satisfaction. On the other hand, Halpern (1995) asserted that if people are not in frequent contact with their neighbours then consequently, the objective quality of their house has a large impact on their satisfaction. In other words, residents who are involved in their local community tend to be happy with where they live regardless of the physical quality of their homes (Halpern, 1995, p.113). (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Baum and Palmer (2002) found, from their study of residents perceptions of the influence of place on levels of social capital, that there exists a direct link between urban infrastructure and social capital. These authors concluded that higher levels of social capital are likely to occur in neighbourhoods where residents have a positive image of their environment and where their environments are green with open spaces Additionally, natural features and open spaces were found to facilitate a sense of community in new urbanist communities. (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). As well as green spaces contributing to urban neighbourhoods social connectedness, pets have been found to facilitate social capital too. A study completed by Wood, Giles-Corti and Bulsara (2005) investigated the role that pets can play in promoting social capital, by surveying a random sample of 339 Australian residents. These authors found that pets promote opportunities for their owners to have social contact with other pet owners, neighbours and members of their community. Furthermore, pets were found to motivate owners to participate in community events and to make use of community facilities (Wood, 2005). (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 7). 2.4 The family in highrise housing 2.5 Children in highrise housing Innumerable studies suggest that children have problems in high-rises. It is known forfamilies with small children, the evidence demonstrates that high-rise living is an unsuitable form of accommodation (Conway Adams, 1977, p. 595.) Another study concludes that high-rise housing does not provide an appropriate living environment for preschool or school-age children because too few of the attributes of a single-family house have been accounted for (Cooper Marcus Hogue, 1976, p. 34. This has not seemed to change with time. Children under 8 are usually not allowed to go downstairs by themselves, and if they were allowed to go down, parents found it difficult to supervise their play. The problems range from fundamental child development issues to everyday activities such as play. For example, a Japanese investigation (Oda, Taniguchi, Wen Higurashi, 1989) concluded that the development of infants raised above the fifth floor in high-rise buildings is delayed, compared to those raised below the fifth floor. The development of numerous skills, such as dressing, helping and appropriate urination was slower. Children who live on higher floors also go outside to play less often (Nitta, 1980, in Oda et al., 1989). A study in India recognized that childrens difficulties are not solely a function of living in high rises (Oke, Khattar, Pant Saraswathi, 1999). Learning to read may be affected by the floor level on which children live (Cohen, Glass Singer, 1973). The researchers measured sound levels, ability to discriminate auditory stimuli, and reading skills in children who lived in high rises built above a major highway in New York. Children in lower-level apartments, Gifford 10 discriminate sounds and had poorer reading skills, than children who lived in higher floors. Apparently, where traffic noise is a considerable factor, high rises may be good for children who live higher up in high rises. Childrens play clearly is affected, as parents in high rises either keep their children indoors more often, which means close protection or over-protection in an indoor environment, or allow them outside, many floors away, which can result in under supervision. One outcome is that children in high rises, on balance, spend more time playing alone and in restricted play (Gittus, 1976). Perhaps this is why there is evidence that high-rise raised children have lower levels of motor ability than children reared in single-family dwellings (Crawford Virgin, 1971; cited in Michelson, 1977). (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 11). 2.6 The elderly in highrise housing A study by Kweon, Sullivan and Wiley (1998) found that elderly public highrise housing residents sense of community was stronger when they spent time in outdoor green common spaces, areas with trees and grass. (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Welfare and the types of living arrangement for the elderly are also gaining wider attention. The aged should be supported by their families, the government and the community, to live and be integrated into the mainstream community for as long as possible (National Council of Social Services, 1996). Hence, planning and designing of housing with essential supporting services should be carried out for this group of people who are more at risk and deserving of care and consideration. 2.7 Secondary studies done on residential responses on high rise living 3. Primary study Case studies done in Delhi and NCR 3.1 Methodology A questionnaire based survey is conducted in housing societies of varying heights (sample questionnaire attached). The questionnaire aims to find social implications with respect to heights of residential buildings. The same number of people are surveyed in all the case studies i.e 15 people, further divided equally in the age groups: teenager, adult and elderly. Data is further analysed to understand the topic in study. 3.2 Selection criteria of case studies Distinct variation in height (4 storey, 10 storey, 20 storey) Within Delhi or NCR 3.3 Data collection through Questionnaire 3.3.1. Low rise housing, Vasant Kunj Not done yet 3.3.2. Med rise housing, Dwarka Elligible Co-operative Group Housing society (10 storey building) Address: Plot no 38, Sector 10, Dwarka 3.3.3. High rise housing, Gurgaon Not done yet 4. Analysis of Data 5. Findings According to the case study done in Dwarka, a pattern can be observed between the liking of a particular type of housing i.e low, medium, high and the generation. It is found that teenagers, todays generation prefer the highrise. Adults prefer medium rise housing walk ups. While the elderly prefer the bungalow system, the idea where one can say this particular piece of land is the property of my family and me. A highrise, however, stresses on community land or space, then the unit or apartment becomes the property of the individual owner. The finding exemplifies how one becomes accustomed to particular conditions during their years of development and seems to become their preferred style of living. It is also found that there are a number of spaces where people interact such as the community hall, gym, badminton court, children play area, the road which runs along the periphery of the society which acts a Theories of Demand for Audit: An Analysis Theories of Demand for Audit: An Analysis Audit refers to an examination of the financial reports of a firm by an independent entity. The separation of business ownership and management in modern society has created a need for accountability; causing the role of audit to change as the needs of stakeholders change. Audit, in itself, caters to the relationship of accountability; independent from other parts of the firm to provide a true and fair view of the financial reports of an organisation. Whereas, the value relevance refers to the auditors ability and responsibility to provide reasonable assurance that financial statements are free of material misstatement, either due to fraud or error; or both. Audit theories provide a framework for auditing, uncovers the laws that govern the audit process and the relationship between different parties of a firm, forming the basis of the role of audit. Mautz and Sharaf expressed that concepts provide a basis for advancement in the field of knowledge by facilitating communication about it and its problems. There are many theories which may explain demand for audit services in modern societies. These include, but are not limited to; The policeman theory The credibility theory The theory of inspired confidence The agency theory The policeman theory asserts that the auditor is responsible for searching, discovering and preventing any fraudulent activity. However, the role of auditors is to provide reasonable assurance and an independent, true and fair view of the financial statements. Although, there has been more pressure on auditors to detect fraud after recent reporting scandals e.g. Enron. It can be argued that in modern societies, the users of statements want auditors to be responsible for fraud detection as they use audit reports to analyse and make decisions. However, auditors are not responsible for finding all fraud but should improve their detection rate to instil public confidence. ISA (UK and Ireland) 240 states that the primary responsibility of fraud prevention and detection rests with the management and the governance of an organisation; it is also important that more emphasis is placed on prevention of fraud. However, the auditor also has a duty of care to the end users of audit reports and s hould consider risks of material misstatements due to fraud when calculating audit risk. The credibility theory suggests that adding credibility to financial statements is an integral part of auditing, making it a fundamental service auditors provide to clients. Audited financial statements boost users confidence in an organisations financial records and managements stewardship; in turn, improving their decision quality such as, investment or new contracts, based on reliable information. This is because stakeholders need to have faith in the financial statements. The credibility gained by financial statements would affect decisions by stakeholders (e.g. Credit limits provided by suppliers) and also helps shareholders put trust in management; reducing the information asymmetry between stakeholders and management. However, Porter (1990) concluded, that audited information does not form the primary basis for investors investment decisions, but in my opinion audit reports may still play a part; albeit small, in investment decisions. The theory of inspired confidence focuses on both the demand and supply of audit services. The relationship of accountability is realised with financial statements; however, as outside parties cannot monitor any material misstatement or bias in financial reports, the demand for an independent reliable audit arises. The supply of audit services should satisfy the public confidence that arises from the audit and fulfil community expectations, as the general function of audit is derived from the need for independent examination and an expert opinion based on findings; due to the confidence society places in an independent auditors opinion. It can be assumed that if society lost confidence in audit opinion, the social usefulness of audit would cease; as audit delivers benefits to the users of financial statements. However, as Limperg argues an auditor should try to meet the expectations of a rational outsider but not create higher expectations from his audit report than is justifiable by his examination of audit evidence. As Limperg states The theory expects from the accountant that in each special case he ascertains what expectations he arouses; that he realizes the tenor of the confidence that he inspires with the fulfillment of each specific function (Limperg Institute, 1985, 19). The auditor should maintain appropriate business practices to maintain his independence from the firm being audited, in order to satisfy his obligation to examine business practices and provide a credible opinion on the financial statements. The agency theory emphasises that audit services are employed in both the interests of third parties and management. An agency relationship exists between the agent (management) and principals (shareholders, employees, banks etc.); where the authority of decision-making is delegated to the agent. If both principals and agents want to maximise utility, the agent may not always act in the best interests of the principal as their interests may differ e.g. shareholders may want to maximise share value, management may be interested in company growth. Hence, agency theory focuses on the costs and benefits of an agent-principal relationship. Costs that arise due to the decision-making authority given to agents, in modern companies due to separation of ownership and control are agency costs, agency costs are the sum of the monitoring expense by the principal, the bonding expense of the agent and the residual loss. A beneficial agency cost would maximise shareholder value and an unwanted agency cost would arise due to conflict of interest between shareholders and managers. Analysis of agency costs give an indication of how well an agent is discharging his responsibilities towards the principal, enabling the principal to observe and introduce controls to reduce any conflict of interest. As an organisation has many contracts, several parties (e.g. suppliers, employees etc.) which add value to the company for a given price, for their own personal interests; it is the agents responsibility to optimise the contracts to maximise the value of the organisation. An audit is a monitoring mechanism for principals to gain an independent and reliable opinion on the financial statements provided by the agent, reinforcing accountability and maintaining confidence and trust in the organisation. Agency theory is the most widely used audit theory. These theories demonstrate the need of accountability in modern society and the role of audit in providing reasonable assurance and unbiased opinion to users of financial statements, about an organisation. Stakeholders place trust in auditors due to the credibility of audit; lenders, suppliers and employees may want reasonable assurance on the accounts of an organisation before any business contracts are established. Shareholders want an independent opinion on the running of the organisation and how the management is executing its stewardship, they also require a true and fair view of financial statements to analyse their investment in the organisation and to gain confidence in the management and in turn, the organisation. Societal expectations from auditors may exceed the capability of audit creating an audit expectation gap, where users of financial statements expect an auditor to detect all material fraud; due to their legal access to company records and right to gain explanation from employees for the purpose of audit. ISA 200 also emphasises that due to the limitations of an audit, there is an unavoidable risk that some material misstatements will not be detected, even when the audit is done in accordance with the ISAs (UK and Ireland). Hence, while auditors discharge their duties, they should educate the public about the inherent limitations of audit and their role in financial reporting. It should be understood that auditors too rely on the management to gain information about the activities of an organisation. Imparting that the audit is based on calculated audit risk which would have been reduced to an acceptable level however, it is not possible to provide an audit opinion without any audit r isk present. Audit theory has evolved over time as needs of society changed, so did audit techniques resulting in a change of auditor function. A considerable investment into the development of auditing theory is justified as it will help us address audit deficiencies with a more tailored approach towards the complex needs of modern society, with the fast-paced trading of stocks and extensive contracts of organisations. Auditors are placed in a position of trust to provide an independent and unbiased opinion on financial statements. Extensive research in developing audit theory might help auditors to discharge their duty with more competence and may reduce audit risk substantially. However, it can be argued that the expectation gap should be filled by means of education in order to enable stakeholders and third parties to interpret and analyse audit reports correctly, with rational expectations from the auditors. Also, to help them make informed decisions based on audit reports, fulfilling the pu rpose of the audit.

Mary Shelley :: essays research papers

The year is 1797 and Mary Wollstonecraft gives birth to a baby girl on August 30. A baby girl soon to be known as Mary Shelley. Mary Shelley was a prominent literary figure during the Romantic Era of English Literature. She was the only child of Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin. From infancy Mary was treated as a unique individual. William Godwin believed that babies were born with potential waiting to be developed (Poetry for Students, 337). Therefore, surrounded Mary with famous philosophers, writers, and poets, from an early age. At the age of sixteen Mary ran away to live with the twenty-one year old Percy Shelley (337). There was only one problem though, Percy was married.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in the summer of 1816, staying at Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Mary was only nineteen at the4 time. She wrote the novel while being overwhelmed by a series of difficulties in her life. The worst of these were the suicides of her half-sister, Fanny Imlay, and Percy Shelley’s wife, Harriet (Student Handbook, 190). After these deaths Mary and Percy married. Fierce public hostility toward the couple drove them to Italy. Eventually they were happy in Italy, but their two children William and Clara Shelley died there. Mary never really recovered from their deaths. However, Percy empowered Mary to live as she most desired. In 1822 Percy drowned in a boating accident, leaving Mary penniless. For her remaining years she worked as a professional writer to support her father and son. She died in 1851 of a brain tumor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mary Shelley combined the ethical concerns of her parents with the Romantic sensibilities of Percy Shelley’s poetic inclinations. Her father’s concern for the underprivileged influenced her description of the poverty-stricken De Lacey family. Mary’s choice of a Gothic novel made her unique in her family and secured her authorial place in the Romantic period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Romantics believed that the creative imagination reveals nobler truths, unique feelings and attitudes than those that could be discovered by logic or by scientific examination. Mary Shelley showed this in her book Frankenstein. She expressed how she felt and all she was going through in different parts of Frankenstein.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frankenstein reflected Mary Shelley’s deepest fears and insecurities, like her inability to prevent her children’s deaths, her distressed marriage to a man who showed no pity for his daughters’ deaths, and her feelings of inadequacy as a writer.

Code of Sexual Ethics Essay

The value of a code of sexual ethics is one that is extremely important to hold close to ones mind and soul. Human sexuality is a broad topic in society and everyone has different views on what is important to them as individuals. My view of human sexuality has been shaped with many influences. Growing up, my Mother always taught me to be comfortable with my sexuality, and I watched my older siblings show the same confidence that my Mother was teaching me. She taught me to respect others and myself equally, no matter what label of sexuality that they hold. Basically; â€Å"Treat others how you want to be treated†. I hope to teach my children in the same effective way that my Mother taught my siblings and I. I feel as though having this code of sexual ethics will act as a backbone to the teachings of human sexuality for my children and the next generation. I plan for them to follow this code faithfully, as I will continue to do so throughout the remaining course of my life. CODE To my Children; I have put together a code of sexual ethics that will help instruct and guide you in the right direction throughout the course of your lives. â€Å"Part of discovering yourself sexually usually involves developing your personal set of morals and values as they relate to sexual issues†(Hock, 6). This code of sexual ethics should not be viewed soley as disciplinary, the purpose is to provide guidance throughout the course of your lives. The first principle that is essential to your sexual health and well-being is to always use protection. This is important because Be faithful to your partner Wait until you are ready, do not let anyone pressure you/don’t take advantage Make sure it’s the right person to share the experience with â€Å"Most people agree that parents are the most appropriate source of [sexual] knowledge† (Hock, 15). THE PAST My parents have taught me to always be respectful to women. I would never force myself on any woman. They taught me to practice respect with all people, and not to judge others based on their sexuality, even if they may be different from me. I was also taught to never hold back my feelings, and to follow my heart. Yes, in some situations throughout my life, this has lead to heart break. However, in others, it has brought me to experiencing the most amazing feeling in the world; love. I have been known to wear my heart on my sleeve, however, this put forth both benefits and harms on my feelings throughout my life. Sex on the other hand, has always been a bit more personal. My parents did not exclusively teach me about sex. They taught me about love and relationships in general. Although, the topic of sex did arise, it was never the main focus of their teachings. My mother and I have a very comfortable relationship, we are usually able to talk about anything. She has taught me almost everything I need to know about how to make relationships work; along with the respectful ways to treat the woman I love. We did not start having these discussions until I was in high school. I wish that we would have talked about sexual values and behaviors while I was in middle school because that is when I started seriously liking girls. It all started at a pretty young age. I was always able to speak through my heart, even though I tend to be extremely shy. When it comes to feelings of my heart, I need to let it out. My mom and my peers have always been helpful to me in developing my awareness and understanding about my sexuality. I have never struggled with my sexuality personally, however, I have always cared greatly about the way I look. Some people call me â€Å"metro sexual†. This all started when I was very young. Because I wore nice clothes, and did my hair everyday, some people would mistake me for homosexual. This did not bother me though because I have always been comfortable with my sexuality because I know that I am not homosexual. I just like to look good, which in turn helps me feel good about myself. On the other hand, I think that the media may have played an unhelpful part in raising awareness and understanding about sexuality. Although some programs out there do a great job of explaining these concepts, most of the ones that I was exposed to, did not. Communication about sexuality is definitely welcomed when talking with my mother. However, it is almost fully unwelcomed when talking with my father. We just never talked about that sort of stuff. With my Dad and I, it has always been all about sports. Although, I am comfortable talking about my sexuality in general with all of my family members, I am not be comfortable going into detail on my sexual experiences. I think this is the case because my sexual experiences are a private, intimate matter. My family has no business in knowing about it unless something negative comes out of it, which it never has. THE PRESENT AND CONCLUSION The process of writing my code of sexual ethics was interesting. It allowed me to really look back on my past actions and reflect upon what I did wrong and what I did right. It is also interesting to think that I may be sharing this code with my children in the future. That fact in itself shaped the way I wrote my code of ethics because I really had to think about what I would approve of as a parent and how I would want my child to behave sexually. It was a hard process, but I learned a lot about myself along the way. I think that writing a code of sexual ethics was definitely useful and helpful in clarifying my sexual philosophy. This is because of the major thought process that was required to put into the creation of the code. I had to dig deep into my families, and my own beliefs and values when addressing sexual behavior, which in turn clarified some hazy thoughts in my mind as well. I currently live by most of the principles I wrote in my code of ethics. My parents raised me well and taught me to respect myself and others, and to also take responsibility for your actions. If there are any of the guidelines of my code that I did not live by in the past, than I will change my ways to live by them now. I can comfortably communicate with friends and intimate partners depending on the content of the subject. I have learned a great amount of information throughout this course. This information has shaped the way I formed my code of sexual ethics. We learned how to respect ourselves and love ourselves before anyone else and that was the basis of my code of sexual ethics. I think my code is pretty solid. I do not think it will need much revision in the future. However, it may need some additions. It may need additions because over the course of time my idea of ethics may change, as I grow older. When I am married the code may be a bit different for me, however I would want to teach my children this exact code of sexual ethics.

Kate Chopins The Awakening Essays - Freudian Psychology

Kate Chopin's The Awakening Essays - Freudian Psychology Kate Chopin's The Awakening Kate Chopin's Awakening, depicts the life of a woman, Edna, in the early 1900's who revolts against the social status quo and leads the life of an independent female regardless of all the risks. It is a story that unfolds the two parts of her life, only to see them both fall apart. Thus we see the unreasonable conflict between her exterior world, the role of a wife and a mother that society has imposed on her and her interior reality of emotions and sexuality which initially are asleep and awaken through the course of the novel. For the arousal of each aspect, two men are responsible, Robert and Arobin, which correspond to the two sides of her existence. The complexity of Edna's character, the richness of the novels details, stimulate the reader to probe deeply into the characterizations and meaning of her life. Edna has lost touch with the chain of humanity and the society in which she lives, as a result, she cannot make a true commitment to life. Based on this fact, the novel's dev elopment shows a repeated movement down to the depths of Edna's unconscious and back to her conscious world. Edna's emotional awakening was stimulated by Robert whose presence built up her confidence allowing her to break out of her private inner world reinforcing a totally different angle of viewing her life. Intense emotions were foreign to Edna so she had always kept her distance from them. When she surrenders she becomes a victim of these emotions Edna bit her handkerchief convulsively, striving to hold back and to hide, even from herself as she would have hidden from another, the emotion which is troubling - tearing - her. Her eyes were brimming with tears (p.689). Before Robert came along, feelings of anguish, troubled dreams, intense heart beats, the delight of feeling male arms folding around her body or simply missing someone just as one misses the sun on a cloudy day.(p.693), were strange and distant from her reality. As Freud would explain in his psychoanalytic theory, we are conscious only of one tenth of our desires and motives. Robert brought the emotional aspects of her inner troubled world to the surface, stimulating her desire for love, intimacy and the ecstasy of Romance. But this emotional awakening was double-edged. On the one hand it delighted her and opened new depths in her and on the other hand, it became her consolation in the sense that she couldn't live the life she dreamt of. Edna's mondus vivendi was suffocating. She was trapped in a world that didn't satisfy her in any way. There was a great hasma between what she really wanted out of life and what was expected from her by society. Edna's sexual instincts or life instincts according to Freud, were awakened by Arobin. He aroused her sexual drives, fulfilled her need for a male figure to substitute for the absent Robert. Arobin is the sensation of passion, the one who stimulates, arouses and pleases her bodily need to be touched and admired, She had become supple to his gentle, seductive entreaties (p.709). The perfect match for Edna would be love and passion at the same time but she compromises and experiences feelings of regrets for nourishing only her body with Arobin, She felt somewhat like a woman who in a moment of passion is betrayed into an act of infidelity, and realizes the significance of the act without being wholly awakened from its glamour (p.713). Arobin's character corresponded to the unconscious of Edna's physicality taking advantage of her vulnerable state, Alcee Arobin's manner was so genuine that it often deceived even himself (p.713). Edna was a confused woman, Arobin was a master in handling woman and took advantage of her. In the concluding part of the story, certain moral and human ideas begin to emerge with greater clarity. Edna realizes the horrifying meaning of her life in the sight of the sea, which offers her the freedom, for which she rebelled for. We are now more aware of the desperate complications of her mind, Despondency had come upon her there in the wakeful night, and had never lifted. There was no one thing in the

Csr of Volkswagen Essays

Csr of Volkswagen Essays Csr of Volkswagen Essay Csr of Volkswagen Essay The direction of the company’s corporate societal marketing efforts Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the business practices that are based on ethical values, in order to meet the legal requirements, as well as respect for people, communities, marketplace and environment (what is corporate social responsibility, 2002). They are many different ways to determinate CSR, but the main purpose of the CSR can be explain as the management of stakeholder are giving concern toward the responsibility and the irresponsibility acts that related to the environmental, ethical and social phenomena in a way that create corporate benefit (Vaaland et al. , 2008, p. 931). Therefore, instant of making profits, the company also holds the responsibility to the impact of their production toward the people and the environment as well as the economy. As an international active vehicle manufacturer, Volkswagen took the sustainable environment protection as part of their responsibility. These responsibilities start from doing the future technology research, development and manufacturer of their products. For example, Volkswagen will check all their production areas in order to achieve the greatest possible environmental capability. (Das Auto, 2011). The increased of the identification and loyalty with a company due to the CSR activities (Bhattacharya and Sen, 2004; Curras-Perez et al. 2009; Marin et al. , 2009; Rego et al, 2010), indicates that CSR has been increasingly perceived as a strategy of corporate concern for deepening both employee and consumer commitment and relationships with organizations over time. This will not only increase the customers’ brand loyalty, but also the employees’ loyalty toward the company. The CSR provided for the employees’ safety such as hazardous substances at the workplace mig ht cause the serious health problem to the employees concerned. In order to protect the employees, the investigations of the hazardous substances in the air at the workplaces are required. The main measurement of hazardous substances involved the measurement of welding smoke in bodywork manufacturer, coolant lubricants in metal processing, solvent measurements in the paint shop and diesel engine emissions in halls where vehicles are drive. The safety Chemistry Measuring of Volkswagen AG has been approve according to the ISO 17025 since 1999 and hus bears the quality seal to assess the workplace related situation of hazardous substances in the air (Das Auto, 2011). The accreditation of the Safety Chemistry measuring point is used to make sure the sustainable health and safety at work. The integrate of ethic and corporate social responsibility (CSR) into organization strategy (Sharp and Zaitman, 2010), can be consider as a key aspect for the technology intensive firm, as innovation have been prove that they is a influence of CSR toward the organiza tion performance (McWilliams and Siegel, 2000). The effect of this integrate will create human capital, and other intangibles such as reputation as well as culture. (Surroca et al, 2010). In order to compete in a rapidly changing business world, more and more organization has become socially responsibility to increase their reputation and brand image. Volkswagen is giving financial contribution to enhance its corporate social responsibility to South Africa. Firstly, Volkswagen are giving a support in the fight against AIDS by provide two million euro for the new youth centre at its site in Uitenhage. The centre is part of the LoveLife Foundation, is the main focus of this centre is fight against AIDS. The LoveLife programmers’ are running by a group of voluntary national youth welfare organization Groundbreaks (Das Auto-, 2011). Secondly, Volkswagen offer education and provide protection for the disadvantaged children. â€Å"Eine Stunde fur die Zukunft† and associated initiative â€Å"A chance to play† are both street children project that are successfully helping the disadvantage children as well as young adult. The success of both of the programmed are due to the contribute of the Volkswagen staff and Volkswagen Works Council. The programmed â€Å"Eine Stunde Fur die Zukunft† was created to raise fund for the disadvantaged children and young adult in the area of Volkswagen plant sites all around the world (Das Auto, 2011). Through having both of the projects above, the disadvantage children are getting the chances to receive the protection and opportunity to have an education in order to developed their professional prospects.

Promoting Utilitarianism or an Alternative Marketing Strategy Essay

Promoting Utilitarianism or an Alternative Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Subscription to utilitarian views promotes ethical behavior and thus, a positive change in attitude. Organizations exploit this knowledge and modify their business models and practices in order to provide services that add value and immense benefits to the consumers and society, thus presenting business venture as social services. To further appeal to the emotions of the public, business organizations of all manners are embarking on avenues to showcase their firms and products as offering the uttermost benefits to the society and individual consumers. The purpose of this paper is to look into existing literature on corporate social responsibility and find whether it is done for promoting the greater good of the society or is used as an alternative marketing strategy. In this paper we will be discussing existing literature in great detail on the subject of corporate social responsibility. ... The main research question author has tried to address in the paper is that what can be the social responsibilities of a businessman. In his book the author asks, â€Å"To what extent do the interest of business in the long run merge with the interest of society† (Bowmen, 1953, p.5). The first theoretical definition of corporate social responsibility was given in this book as, â€Å"It refers to the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society† (p, 6). The author has taken a subjectivist approach by identifying a definition of the concept. This definition is not based on any empirical evidence which depicts the subjectivist approach of the author. The author has also identified in the book the limitations of his work. He calls for future research on the subject. The author seems to have answered the research question he posed in th e beginning of the book. Also this book was the first work on the subject therefore it is considered seminal. Can business afford to ignore Social Responsibilities? Another theory paper by Davis (1960) is considered a seminal work on the subject of corporate social responsibility. The main research question that author has attempted to answer is that why businessmen have a responsibility towards society. The author has answered this question theoretically without relying on any first hand quantitative or qualitative research. The author has used power-responsibility relationship to answer the research question. The author also talks about non economic values and its impact on social responsibility (p. 74). This again is a subjectivist research where

Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Report - Essay Example The analysis entails the resources and the organization’s performance in its external environments. This report describes the organizational paradigms and their impact on the process of strategic management. Introduction An organization defines its own ways of identifying its operations in its environment in order to guarantee profitable performance and customer satisfaction. This is achieved through the implementation of a given structure that determines the functions that warrant the objectives of the company. This is aligned to the key objective of a firm that is solely maximizing its profits. The organizational paradigms key issue assists in describing the structural design that is suitable to the accomplishment of the functional requirements (CARTER 2010). Therefore, organizational paradigms imply the fundamental presuppositions that unnoticeably define and shape an organizations structures, policies, and operations. Elements of Organizational Paradigms Organizational par adigms consist of four main elements according to its scientific description. The symbolic generalization is an element that gives ways that problems within the paradigm are posed and solved. The second element is the metaphysical assumptions (STRATI 2000). This element represents the taken-as-given beliefs about the issues that will be treated as real regarding the organizations operations and environment. The third element describes values that embody the fundamental priorities and alternatives of the problems pursued and the main objectives to adhere (DONALDSON 2001). Lastly, exemplars are an organizational paradigm’s element that deals with those worked-out methods and solutions that exhibit the whole world perception as a rational form. Rational Systems This is an organizational paradigm whose systems are highlighted by high specificity of formation, formalization, objectives, and a conscious purposeful synchronization among members in an effort to establish an efficient operated company. These characteristics of the objectives drive the mannerisms of the company’s members (HASSARD 1995). It also establishes boundaries through which the organization puts efforts to succeed in relation to the firms goals or community within which it seeks to aspire. In addition, the rational system is usually demonstrated by Taylor’s Scientific Management concept of methodical evaluation of an employee’s productivity seeking to set given standards of effectiveness and substitute the arbitrary decisions of front line managers (SCOTT 2003). Furthermore, the rational system addresses management effectiveness by establishing extensive administrative standards through concepts such as hierarchical organizational structures, unity-of-command, and departmentalization. Moreover, it ensures the homogeneity of operations to offer control and focus needed by a firm and its managerial service. The paradigm also offers a different viewpoint that demonstrates the model that companies need structures and procedures to serve and sustain their survival (SCOTT & DAVIS 2007). An example of an implemented rational system is the hierarchical centralized structure of the national security sector of our country. This entails the decision-making process that directs the sector. Each of the constituent part of the sector implements a good deal of the rational system concept. The disciplined forces services are usually affiliated with the